U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BURE^A.U   OK  SOILS. 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  FIELD  PARTIES 


AND 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SOIL  TYPES. 


:E'XJS1JJJD   SE^^SOIST,  1904:- 


I';  */ 


I^> 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BURK^^U    OK   SOILS. 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  FIELD  PARTIES 


AND 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SOIL  TYPES. 


IPIELID    SE^^SOnsr,    1Q04:. 


1904 

JULY.                        AUGUST. 

SEPTEMBER. 

S. 

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OCTOBER. 

NOVEMBER. 

,       DECEMBER. 

1 

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JANUARY. 

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JULY. 

AUGUST. 

SEPTEMBER. 

1 

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I 

1 

OCTOBER. 

NOVEMBER. 

DECEMBER. 

1 

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15 

22 

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2 

9 
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3 

10 
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11 
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IT"' 

1 

1 

NOTE. 


The  accompanying  instructions  have  been  prepared  for  the  use  of 
field  men  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils.  The  material  on  fiscal  regulations 
is  in  addition  to  the  Fiscal  Regulations  as  issued  by  the  Division  of 
Accounts  and  Disbursements  and  should  be  taken  as  supplementary 
to  these  Department  Regulations.  All  field  men  should  be  careful 
that  their  accounts  conform  strictlv  to  these  regulations. 

The  descriptions  of  soil  types  are  given  as  an  aid  to  the  field 
l)arties  in  correlation  of  soil  types  and  should  be  carefully  studied 
to  this  end.  Soils  of  a  new  area  should  be  correlated  with  known 
types  where  this  is  possible. 

MiLTOx  Whitney, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 

Washington,  D.  C,  June  7,  1904. 

3 


270432 


CONTENTS, 


Page. 

Instructions  to  field  parties 7 

Fiscal  regulations „ 7 

Authorization  to  travel 8 

Transportation 8 

Freight  and  express 8 

Allowances  for  field  parties 8 

Subvouchers  for  team  hire 9 

Signatures  to  subvouchers 10 

Laundry 10 

Telegrams 11 

Location  of  headquarters  while  in  field 11 

Accidents  to  parties 12 

Six-months'  reports 18 

Instructions  for  mapping  soils  and  alkali 18 

Organization  of  field  party 18 

Prosecution  of  field  work 14 

Establishing  soil  types 14 

Correlation  of  soil  types lo 

Scheme  of  soil  classification 19 

Outfit  for  work 22 

Odometer 22 

Plane-table  traversing 24 

Samples  for  laboratory  examination 25 

Correspondence  and  weekly  report 26 

Field  and  ofiice  maps 26 

Directions  for  mapping  alkali  soils  .. '. 26 

Reduction  of  resistances  to  a  temperature  of  60°  F 32 

Directions  for  estimating  soluble  salts  in  soils 36 

Construction  of  alkali  maps 37 

Determination  of  salts  in  water 38 

Form  of  soil  survey  report „ .  41 

Outline  of  soil  survey  report 41 

5 


6  ContenU. 

Page. 

References  to  Soil  Survey  Reports 48 

Soil  types  recognized  by  the  Bureau  of  Soils 44 

Index  of  soil  types,  arranged  alphabetically 167 

Index  of  soil  types,  arranged  by  series 177 

Index  of  soil  types  by  States 188 


ILLUSTRATION 


Page. 
Fig.  1.  Chart  of  equal  magnetic  declinations 4 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  FIELD  PARTIES  AND 
DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SOIL  TYPES. 


INSTRUCTIONS    TO   FIELD   PARTIES. 

Fiscal  regulations. — The  pamphlet  on  "Fiscal  Regulations  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture"  issued  by  the  Division  of  Accounts 
and  Disbursements  applies  to  all  fiscal  matters  of  this  Bureau,  with 
certain  modifications  and  additions  given  below.  Field  agents  of 
this  Bureau  should  carefully  read  the  regulations  and  conform 
literallv  to  the  instructions  given  there.  Monthlv  accounts  are 
frequently  delayed  in  payment  because  of  the  failure  to  conform 
to  the  rules  of  the  Department.  Delays  of  this  character  can  be 
entirely  avoided  if  field  men  are  careful  to  have  all  accounts  con- 
form literally  to  instructions  given  in  the  Fiscal  Regulations  and 
to  make  explanation  of  all  items  of  expenditure  on  the  sub- 
vouchers.  All  expenses  not  accompanied  by  sub  vouchers  (sub- 
vouchers  must  be  submitted  for  purchases  amounting  to  $1  or 
more)  should  be  fully  explained  in  a  memorandum  attached  to 
voucher.  Charges  for  lodging  and  team  hire  must  always  be  sup- 
ported by  subvoucher. 

Duplicate  vouchers  on  Form  4,  with  subvouchers  (Forms  4a,  4b, 
4c)  are  to  be  submitted  promptly  at  the  end  of  each  month,  prop- 
erly filled  out,  and  signed  before  a  notary.  The  receipt  and  oath 
should  be  signed  on  each  voucher  in  all  cases,  but  the  notary's 
signature  and  seal  should  be  on  but  one  voucher.  Everv  voucher 
for  reimbursements  of  traveling  expenses  must  be  accompanied 
by  Form  4c,  showing  what  portion  of  the  travel  has  been  per- 
formed on  transportation  requests.  When  no  requests  have  been 
used  a  blank  form  properly  signed  should  be  filed  with  the 
voucher,  and  a  statement  made  on  this  form  showing'  that  no 
transportation  requests  were  used. 

7 


8  Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 

Authorization  to  travel. — An  authorization  from  the  Chief  of  the 
Bureau  of  Soils  must  l^e  obtained  before  any  travel  is  performed 
for  the  Department,  and  written  or  telegraphic  authorization  must 
be  oljtained  for  all  travel  outside  of  an  area  or  where  unusual 
expense  or  additional  travel  is  necessary. 

Transportation. — Travel  to  and  from  areas  should  be  performed 
on  transportation  requests  where  the  cost  of  travel  amounts  to 
$3  or  more.  (See  Fiscal  Regulation  No.  15.)  West  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  all  travel  should  be  performed  on  transportation 
requests  on  bond-aided  or  land-grant  railroads.  Transportation 
requests  will  be  furnished  on  application  to  the  chief  clerk  of  the 
Bureau.  Applications  for  these  requests  should  be  made  at  least 
one  week  before  the  travel  is  to  be  performed.  In  filling  out 
transportation  requests,  before  presenting  to  ticket  agent,  be  sure 
to  fill  in  all  blanks  upon  the  face  of  the  request.  The  stub  on  end 
of  request  is  to  be  filled  out  when  the  request  is  issued  and 
returned  at  once  to  the  Bureau  of  Soils. 

Freight  and  express.— When  express  charges  are  included  in  an 
expense  account,  the  original  express  receipt  must  be  attached  to 
the  subvoucher.  Express  charges  to  Washington,  D.  C,  should 
not  be  prepaid,  but  the  shipments  should  be  made  "collect." 

When  possible,  shipments  should  be  made  by  freight  rather 
than  by  express.  Shipments  by  freight  from  points  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River  should  be  made  according  to  Fiscal  Regulation 
No.  14.  The  property  to  be  sent  should  be  securely  packed,  and 
notice  should  be  given  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau,  fully  describ- 
ing the  property  and  giving  the  full  name  and  address  on  the 
package,  with  the  name  of  the  person  in  whose  care  the  property 
is  stored. 

When  it  is  necessary  to  i)ay  excess-baggage  cliarges,  statement 
should  be  made  on  the  face  of  the  subvoucher  that  the  excess 
consists  of  Government  property,  and  the  original  receipt  for  the 
money  ])aid  must  accompany  the  expense  account. 

Allowances  for  field  parties.— While  engaged  in  actual  travel  the 
limits  of  expense  should  be  governed  l)y  Fiscal  Regulation  No.  12. 
AVhile  in  an  area  engaged  in  field  work  not  more  than  $1.50  per 
day  per" man  on  an  average  is  to  be  paid  for  subsistence;  when 
possible,  cheaper  rates  should  be  secured. 


Fiscal  Btg Illations.  9 

The  usual  rate  for  hire  of  horse  and  buggy  is  $1.50  per  day. 
This  rate  should  not  be  exceeded,  except  where  actually  neces- 
sary. If  it  is  found  that  proper  conveyances  can  not  be  secured 
in  an  area  at  this  price  the  fact  must  be  made  known  to  the  Chief 
of  the  Bureau  at  once. 

When  the  party  remains  at  one  place  for  a  period  of  more  than 
one  week,  cheaper  rates  by  the  week  can  nearly  always  be  secured. 
Advantage  should  be  taken  of  such  weekly  rates.  When  board- 
ing at  reduced  rates  it  sometimes  happens  that  the  party  is  away 
from  the  regular  boarding  place  for  one  or  more  meals,  or  per- 
haps an  entire  day.  The  Fiscal  Regulations  explicitly  state  that 
subsistence  expenses  can  not  be  allowed  at  more  than  one  place, 
but  it  has  been  ruled  that  when  reduced  rates  are  being  paid  sub- 
sistence expenses  will  be  allowed  for  short  periods  away  from  the 
regular  boarding  place,  provided  the  extra  expense  plus  the 
reduced  rate  does  not  exceed  the  week  rate  calculated  at  the  regu- 
lar day  rate.  Thus,  if  a  party  is  living  at  a  hotel  or  boarding 
house,  the  regular  rates  of  which  are  $2  per  day,  and  by  reason  of 
staying  for  one  week  or  longer  a  rate  of  $1.50  per  day  is  secured, 
and  it  should  happen  that  the  party  could  not  get  back  to  the 
hotel,  but  took  meals  or  lodging  away  (paying  for  the  meals  or 
lodging),  the  cost  of  these  would  be  allowed,  provided  the  entire 
week's  expenses  did  not  amount  to  more  than  $14.  Duplicate 
charges  of  this  character  are  allowed  only  in  the  interest  of 
econom}',  and  should  not  be  incurred,  except  when  absolutely 
necessary.  Where  such  duplicate  charges  are  made,  a  full  expla- 
nation must  be  made  satisfactory  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  and 
the  disbursing  officer.  ^ 

Subvouchers  for  team  hire. — The  following  form  shows  a  sub- 
voucher  for  team  hire  completely  filled  out.  All  such  subvouchers 
should  describe  rig,  state  dates  used  and  number  of  hours  in  use, 
give  distance  traveled,  and  use  to  which  team  was  put.  In  case  a 
team  is  used  on  Sunday  or  a  holiday,  the  reason  for  using  it  should 
be  stated. 


10  Instructions  to  FUld  Parties. 

Form  No.  46.  Subvoucher  No.  1. 

$7.50.  (City  or  town)     Columbus,  Ohio, 

(Date)     Bee.  27,  1901. 
Received  of  John  Smith,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  seven 
and  yVV  dollars. 

For  hire  of  horse  and  buggy  for  use  in  soil  mapping,  Dec.  23, 24, 25, 26,  and 

27,  five  days,  at  f  1.50  per  day $7. 50 

In  use  8  hours  per  day.    Averaged  distance  traveled,  20  miles. 

Team  used  on  Dec.  25  was  on  official  business. 

(Signature)     James  Scott, 

(Title)     Ou-ner  of  team. 

Signatures  to  subvouchers. — Fiscal  Regulation  No.  25  contains 
explicit  instructions  regarding  the  signatures  to  subvouchers. 
Care  should  be  taken  that  all  signatures  conform  to  thes:;  instruc- 
tions. All  signatures  must  be  written  in  ink.  The  name  of  the 
person  signing  the  receipt  must  appear  upon  the  receipt,  and  the 
authority  for  signing  must  appear  in  the  title,  which  must  be 
written  by  the  signer  below  his  name.  Where  a  subvoucher  is 
signed  by  mark,  one  disinterested  witness  should  sign  the  sub- 
voucher  and  give  his  address.  When  a  firm  name  or  a  hotel 
name  is  signed  to  a  subvoucher,  the  full  name  and  title  of  the 
person  receiving  the  money  must  also  be  given. 

laundry. — With  regard  to  the  item  of  laundry  in  expense  ac- 
counts where  parties  are  located  for  any  length  of  time  at  a  particu- 
lar point,  it  is  usually  possible  to  make  arrangements  ]\v  which 
laundry  may  be  done  at  a  fixed  price,  usually  about  50  cents  j)er 
week  per  person,  and  wherever  this  is  practicable  it  should  be  done. 
It  will,  however,  happen  that  parties  who  are  traveling  or  are  mov- 
ing their  lieadquarters  frequently  will  be  unable  to  make  arrange- 
ments of  this  kind,  and  in  such  cases  the  expense  for  laundry  will 
necessarily  exceed  this  amount;  in  no  case,  however,  must  the 
charge  for  laundry  exceed  $4  per  person  per  month,  and  expense 
accounts  containing  charges  in  excess  of  this  amount  will  be  cor- 
rected. While  the  Fiscal  Regulations  provide  for  a  maximum  of 
$4  per  month  to  cover  laundry  expenses  of  employees  in  the  field, 
this  contemplates  the  reimbursement  only  of  actual  amounts  ])aid, 
and  the  items  for  laimdry  must  be  inserted  in  the  account  on  the 
dates  paid  in  actual  amounts  just  the  same  as  the  other  exi>enses. 


Fiscal  Regulations.  11 

Such  items  must  not  be  averaged  at  the  end  of  the  month,  and  the 
amomit  for  each  member  of  the  party  must  be  shown  as  a  separate 
item. 

Telegrams. — Telegrams  sent  at  Government  rates  should  refer 
only  to  official  business.  The  Treasury  Department  has  ruled, 
however,  that  chiefs  of  parties  who  are  responsible  for  the  accounts 
of  the  party  may  telegraph  in  regard  to  salary  checks  or  expense- 
account  checks  which  have  been  delayed,  when  the  money 
is  needed  for  use  in  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  party.  Such 
telegrams,  however,  should  not  be  sent  except  when  the  delayed 
check  has  been  awaited  a  reasonable  time.  Telegrams  regarding 
leave  should  not  be  sent  at  Government  rates  or  charged  to  the 
Department. 

The  Chief  of  the  Bureau  should  be  informed  by  telegraph  of 
every  change  in  address  of  the  party  in  the  field.  In  sending  tele- 
grams to  the  Bureau,  address  "Soils,  Washington,  D.  C,"  and 
sign  the  telegrams  by  last  name  only. 

Location  of  headquarters  while  in  field. — The  attention  of  the 
assistants  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils  is  directed  to  the  advisability 
and  real  necessity  of  keeping  as  near  as  possible  to  their  field  of 
operations.  In  no  case  where  it  can  be  avoided  should  a  man 
be  located  at  a  greater  distance  than  6  miles  from  the  area  to 
be  surveyed,  as  12  miles  distance  there  and  back,  added  to  the 
day's  work,  is  a  material  hardship  on  the  team,  and  reduces 
considerably  the  amount  of  work  that  can  be  done  in  the  course 
of  the  day. 

For  the  most  part  the  field  work  of  the  Bureau  is  carried  on  in 
well-settled  districts,  where  it  should  be  possible  to  obtain  board 
and  lodging,  for  a  few  days  at  least,  in  farmhouses,  provided  there 
are  no  hotels  or  lodging  houses  convenient  to  the  area  to  be  sur- 
veyed. 

There  is  no  objection  to  obtaining  rates  by  the  week,  and  this  is 
advisable  where  the  place  is  conveniently  located  for  the  work,  and 
will  be  found  cheaper  than  paying  by  the  day,  but  no  longer  term 
should  be  provided  for,  except  in  certain  circumstances,  as  in  most 
cases  a  field  party  should  be  able  to  survey  a  sufficient  area  in  one 
or  two  weeks  to  warrant  a  removal  to  some  more  convenient  place. 
It  happens  at  times,  however,  that  for  lack  of  accommodations  a 


12  Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 

longer  time  than  this  has  to  be  spent  in  one  locaUty  or  else  a  camp 
outfit  be  provided.  The  Fiscal  Regulation  Xo.  12  of  the  Depart- 
ment provides  that  l)oard  and  lodging  can  only  be  paid  for  a 
period  not  to  exceed  thirty  days  in  any  one  locality,  and  this  regu- 
lation holds  against  the  field  assistants  in  this  Bureau,  except  that 
where  suitable  accommodations  can  not  be  obtained  and  camp  out- 
fits are  not  provided,  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  (in  letter  of  au- 
thorization No.  74)  has  empowered  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  to 
grant  an  extension  of  time  in  which  board  and  lodging  will  be  al- 
lowed in  any  one  locality  to  sixty  days,  or  to  any  shorter  term 
within  his  discretion. 

When  from  any  cause  it  is  considered  necessary  or  advisable  to 
remain  in  one  place  for  a  period  exceeding  thirty  days,  the  Chief  of 
the  Bureau  must  be  notified  and  satisfactory  reasons  given  him  why 
the  party  should  remain  longer  than  thirty  days,  and  if  in  his  judg- 
ment the  reasons  are  sufficient,  the  length  of  time  will  be  extended 
and  the  disbursing  office  notified  of  the  fact,  so  that  the  accounts 
will  be  passed  in  that  office.  Such  action  must  be  taken  specifically 
for  each  case,  and  the  request  for  an  extension  of  time  must  be 
mailed  a  sufficient  length  of  time  in  advance  to  allow  of  action  being 
taken.  Otherwise  in  no  case  will  the  board  and  lodging  be  allowed 
in  any  one  locality  for  a  period  exceeding  thirty  days. 

Accidents  to  parties. — The  following  general  instructions  are  issued 
for  the  guidance  of  field  men  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  in  the  event  of 
possible  accidents  to  teams  or  vehicles  that  may  be  hired  ])y  them 
for  official  use  in  the  field. 

Should  an  accident  occur  which  results  in  any  damage  to  a  horse 
or  vehicle  under  your  care,  and  if  such  accident  is  due  to  carelessness 
or  fault  on  your  part,  or  that  of  your  assistants,  it  will  be  considered 
a  personal  responsibility  of  your  own,  and  you  will  be  expected 
to  make  the  necessary  settlement  with  the  owner.  The  settlement 
will  devolve  upon  you  in  the  event  of  the  accident  being  due  to 
fast  or  reckless  driving,  excessive  use,  or  in  any  other  case  in  which 
you  can  not  show  that  proper  judgment  and  care  and  rcasonal^le 
precautions  have  been  used. 

If  an  accident  should  l)e  due  to  causes  for  which  you  are  not 
responsible  it  might  constitute  a  claim  against  the  (.lovernment,  and 
if  such  claim  was  approved  by  the  Department,  the  matter  Avould 
be  referred  toCongress  foranap]>ropriiition  to  reiinl)urse  the  owner. 


Mapp'iiKj  Solh  and  Alkali.  13 

111  such  cases  you  ?iYe  c&ni\oi\Qd.not  to  pay  the  claim^  but  to  refer  the 
matter  to  this  Department;  payment  of  such  claim  by  you  would 
constitute  x)rima  facie  evidence  that  the  accident  was  due  to  care- 
lessness on  your  part,  and  the  matter  could  not  then  be  handled 
by  the  Department.  Should  the  horse  be  taken  sick,  or  if  an 
unforeseen  and  unavoidable  accident  should  occur  to  either  horse 
or  vehicle  while  in  the  employ  of  the  Department,  claim  should 
be  made,  accompanied  by  affidavits,  properly  sworn  to,  setting 
forth  all  the  facts  of  the  case  and  substantiated  in  every  possible 
way  by  disinterested  witnesses. 

The  greatest  care  is  enjoined  upon  all  representatives  of  the  Bureau 
in  the  care  of  teams  and  in  their  safe  delivery  to  owners  after  use. 

Settlement  of  claims  of  this  kind  through  Congress  are  very 
troublesome  and  tedious,  and  they  should  not  be  presented  to  the 
Department  if  it  is  possible  to  avoid  it,  and  then  not  unless  it 
involves  considerable  money  and  is  accompanied  by  strong  and 
irrefutable  evidence  that  the  Department  agent  is  not  responsible. 
Such  claims  will  be  scrutinized  very  carefully  before  being  acted 
upon  by  this  Department. 

Six-months'  reports. — On  the  1st  of  July  and  1st  of  January  of 
each  year  a  report  upon  Form  Xo.  41  of  this  Bureau  should  be 
made  out  by  each  assistant  in  charge  of  party  and  forwarded  to  the 
Chief  of  the  Bureau.  This  report  shows  the  area  surveyed  in  each 
district,  the  cost  per  square  mile,  and  the  actual  time  given  to  the 
survey.  In  order  that  assistants  may  make  out  this  report,  mem- 
orandums should  1)6  kept  of  all  expenses.  In  calculating  cost  of 
work  include  salaries,  subsistence  Avhile  in  the  area,  and  team  hire, 
with  any  necessary  miscellaneous  expenses.  Transportation  ex- 
penses (which  include  railroad  fare,  sleeping-car  fare,  meals  en 
route,  etc. )  should  not  be  included  in  calculating  cost  per  square 
mile.  The  salary  should  also  only  be  calculated  for  the  time 
actually  spent  in  the  area. 

INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  MAPPING  SOILS  AND  ALKALI. 

Organization  of  field  party. — A  field  party  in  the  soil  survey 
usually  consists  of  two  men — an  assistant  in  charge  of  party  and 
a  field  assistant.  The  assistant  in  charge  of  party  shall  control  all 
field  work  of  the  party,  prepare  the  report  and  maps,  carry  on 


1-i  Instruction)^  to  Fidd  l\irtiei<. 

all  correspondence  necessary  to  the  conduct  of  the  survey,  pay  all 
field  expenses  of  the  party,  and  forward  monthly  expense  aci-ounts 
to  the  office  of  the  Bureau  in  Washington.  The  field  assistant 
shall  perform  all  duties  required  of  him  by  the  assistant  in  charge. 

The  organization  of  the  Bureau  has  reached  a  point  where  it  is 
no  longer  possible  to  put  all  the  experienced  men  of  the  field  force 
in  charge  of  parties,  while  it  is  desirable  that  each  member  of  the 
force  should  have  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  charge  of 
a  party  for  at  least  a  part  of  the  year.  It  will  be  necessary,  there- 
fore, occasionally  to  put  men  of  equal  experience  in  the  same 
assignment,  or  to  give  men  of  less  experience  assistants  who  have 
been  longer  in  the  service.  In  such  cases  it  is  expected  that  the 
men  will  cheerfully  share  the  responsibilities  and  details  of  the 
work,  and  show  a  spirit  of  real  collaboration.  So  far  as  possible 
each  man  of  experience  will  be  given  charge  of  a  party  for  at  least 
one  assignment  each  year. 

Prosecution  of  field  work. — All  mapping  should  be  on  a  scale  of 
1  inch  to  1  mile.  Where  possible,  base  maps  on  this  scale  will  be 
furnished  all  field  parties  before  entering  the  field.  Wherever 
such  maps  are  supplied  it  is  supposed  that  they  are  the  most 
reliable  and  complete  maps  obtainable.  Field  parties  should 
endeavor  to  correct  the  base  map  if  it  is  found  in  error.  Frequent 
check  upon  directions  should  be  made  with  the  compass,  and  all 
distances  on  roads  are  to  be  measured  with  the  odometer.  Where 
from  the  nature  of  the  error  it  is  found  impossible  to  make  cor- 
rection, the  soil  map  should  conform  to  the  base  used,  but  careful 
note  should  be  made  of  all  such  errors,  so  that  in  case  a  revised 
edition  of  the  map  is  published  the  correction  can  be  made  with- 
out a  resurvey  of  the  soils. 

Establishing  soil  types. — At  the  end  of  this  pamphlet  is  given  a 
concise  description  of  all  the  types  of  soil  described  by  this  Bureau 
up  to  December  31,  1908.  In  establishing  types  in  an  area  this 
list  should  be  carefully  consulted,  and  where  possible  all  soils  are 
to  be  correlate!  with  types  there  described.  As  soon  as  a  type 
is  determined  upon,  whether  new  or  previously  descril)ed,  a 
description  of  it  should  be  sent  to  the  Bureau  on  Form  4().  The 
selection  of  a  provisional  name  for  each  soil  type  should  be  made, 
and  in  all  correspondence  and  reports  this  name  should  be  used 
when  speaking  of  the  type. 


3faj)j)ing  Soils  and  AlJaali.  15 

In  the  humid  portions  of' the  country  the  description  of  a  soil 
type  covers  the  materials  to  a  depth  of  3  feet,  and  in  the  semiarid 
and  arid  regions  to  a  depth  of  6  feet.  The  type  name  covers  the 
entire  profile.  AVhere  there  occurs,  as  a  subsoil,  material  which  if 
exposed  at  the  surface  would  he.  called  Fresno  sand,  for  instance, 
it  is  not  proper  to  speak  of  this  subsoil  as  Fresno  sand,  but  as 
material  similar  to  the  Fresno  sand.  Where  this  material  is  cov- 
ered by  a  loam  or  silt  loam,  for  example,  within  a  depth  of  3  to  6 
feet,  it  loses  its  identity  as  the  Fresno  sand  and  is  an  integral  part 
of  the  new  type  estaV)lished. 

Correlation  of  soil  types.— It  is  very  desirable,  from  all  points  of 
view,  that  close  attention  be  paid  to  the  correlation  of  soils.  It  is 
very  undesirable  to  increase  the  number  of  soil  types  more  than  is 
necessary,  and  wherever  a  soil  can  consistently  be  i>ut  under  an 
established  type  it  should  be  done.  ^Nluch  advance  has  been  made 
in  the  past  year  in  this  matter  of  correlation  and  in  using  the 
names  of  soils  to  bring  out  their  relations.  Several  of  the  original 
types  have  been  merge<l  into  others,  or  have  been  given  new 
names  to  bring  them  into  a  uniform  series,  where  this  could  be 
done  without  danger  of  confusion.  In  doing  this  the  object  has 
been  to  esta})lish  certain  series  in  the  different  physiographic 
divisions  of  the  United  States,  and  we  are  finding  that  there  are  a 
few  general  classes  of  soils  that  are  in  a  way  related. 

Due  caution  must  be  observed  in  this  matter  of  correlation,  but 
a  greater  latitude  may  be  taken  in  correlating  soils  of  widely  sepa- 
rated areas  than  at  first  would  appear  possible,  from  the  fact  that 
the  soil  of  each  area  is  fully  described  in  all  its  characteristic  and 
special  features.  A  soil,  to  be  correlated  with  a  type,  must  con- 
form to  it  in  certain  broad,  general  features,  but  it  may  differ  in 
some  unessential  details.  The  descriptions  of  the  soil  types  given 
in  this  publication  must  not  be  taken  as  rigid  specifications  of 
the  conditions  which  must  be  found  in  certain  types  in  all  areas. 
The  description  is  of  necessity  general,  and  in  the  nature  of  the 
case  can  not  be  specific  in  all  particulars. 

Every  effort  has  been  made  to  group  the  soils  into  series  for  the 
purpose  of  bringing  out  more  clearly  the  relationship  of  the  dif- 
ferent types,  and  their  relative  agricultural  value.  The  grouping 
has  also  been  made  with  a  view  to  reduce  the  number  of  local 


16  Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 

type  names.  If  the  field  men  acquaint  themselves  with  the  general 
characteristics  of  these  series,  they  Avill  find  it  a  great  aid  in  plac- 
ing soils  of  new  areas.  Furthermore,  if  any  type  in  a  series  is 
thoroughly  understood,  the  remaining  types  can  be  called  to  mind 
without  reference  to  the  printed  description,  thereby  reducing  the 
number  of  type  descriptions  necessary  to  be  carried  in  the  head_. 

To  complete  the  Norfolk  series,  the  Susquehanna  gravel  has 
been  changed  to  Norfolk  gravel,  the  Windsor  sand  to  Norfolk 
coarse  sand,  the  Windsor  sandy  loam,  encountered  for  the  first 
time  in  1903,  to  the  Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam,  and  the  Sassafras 
loam  to  the  Norfolk  silt  loam.  This  i)ractically  perfects  the  series. 
Several  of  the  old  local  names  have  been  dropped  as  the  true  rela- 
tionship of  these  soils  to  the  Norfolk  series  has  become  apparent. 
Similar  work  has  been  done  with  the  other  principal  series,  so 
that  many  of  them  now  are  practically  complete,  having  a  stony 
loam, gravel, gravelly  loam, sand, fine  sand,sandy  loam,  fine  sandy 
loam,  loam,  silt  loam,  clay  loam,  and  clay,  of  related  materials. 

The  grouping  of  the  soils  in  these  series  is  not  only  a  great  aid 
in  correlation,  but  it  is  entirely  logical.  When  the  Norfolk  sand 
is  being  deposited,  the  conditions  somewhere  in  the  area  will 
undoubtedly  be  favorable  to  the  deposition  of  gravel,  of  silt,  of  tine 
sand,  of  loam,  and  of  clay,  and  wherever  material  of  these  char- 
acters is  encountered,  pret^umably  coming  from  the  same  source 
and  being  dei)osited  essentially  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same 
manner,  it  should  be  given  this  distinctive  name  so  as  to  show  the 
relation  of  the  soils  to  one  another.  Knowing  as  we  do  the  proc- 
esses of  soil  formation,  either  from  the  disintegration  of  rocks  in 
place  or  tlirough  transportation  by  wind  or  water,  we  should  expect 
that  materials  from  the  same  source  would  differ  in  their  texture. 
The  relationship  of  the  derived  soils  should  be  shown  by  the  use 
of  a  commiju  name. 

There  will  be  found  in  nearly  all  areas  soils  of  local  origin  and 
of  exceptional  cliaracter  whidi  will  have  to  be  given  local  names, 
but  so  far  as  i)OSsible  the  soils  encountered  in  new  areas  should 
be  correlated  with  estaV)lished  types,  prefen'uce  being  given  wliere 
possible  to  some  of  the  great  series  descril)ed  liereafter.  As  a  rule, 
a  series  siiould  l)e  confined  to  certain  i)hysiographic  areas,  that  is, 
the  names  of  the  Coastal  Plain  soils  should  not  be  carried  over 


MajJiniig  Soils  and  Alhih.  17 

into  the  Piedmont  or  into  the  Glacial  areas,  unless  the  character 
of  the  material  and  its  mode  of  formation  as  well  as  its  agricul- 
tural value  are  sensibly  the  same.  For  example,  in  1902  the 
name  Alloway  clay,  -which  was  originally  used  in  the  Coastal 
Plain,  was  approved  for  a  soil  having  exactly  the  same  texture 
and  precisely  the  same  mode  of  formation  in  a  river  delta  in  one 
of  the  Xew  York  areas  within  the  limits  of  the  drift.  Also  in 
1903  several  of  the  Coastal  Plain  soils,  as,  for  example,  the  Norfolk 
sand,  Norfolk  sandy  loam,  and  Elkton  clay,  were  recognized  in 
the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna  River  in  Pennsylvania  and  in  the 
limestt^ne  region  of  northern  Kentucky,  the  materials  being  similar 
to  those  found  on  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  and,  in  fact,  being 
the  same  materials  in  their  progress  to  the  Coastal  Plains  region. 

The  following  are  the  principal  series  so  far  established: 

Galveston  series. — The  coastal  beaches  and  marshes. 

Norfolk  series. — Light-colored  material,  with  yellow  sand  of 
sandy  clay  subsoils,  in  the  Coastal  Plain. 

Portsmouth  series. — Dark-colored  material,  with  yellow  mottled 
gray  sand  or  sandy  clay  subsoils,  in  the  Coastal  Plain. 

Orangeburg  series. — Gray  to  red  sand  or  loam  with  red  sandy 
clay  subsoil,  in  the  Coastal  Plain.  ♦ 

Houston  series. — Gray  or  black  calcareous  prairies  in  the  Coastal 
Plain. 

Vernon  series. — Red  sand,  loam,  and  clay,  typical  of  the  Permian 
formation. 

Yazoo  series. — Dark,  silty  soils  of  the  flood  plain  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  and  its  larger  tributaries. 

Cecil  series. — Gray  to  red  sand  or  loam,  with'  l)righL-red  clay 
subsoil,  derived  from  igneous  or  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Pied- 
mont Plateau. 

Penn  series. — Dark  Indian-red  sand  or  loam,  with  loam  or  clay 
subsoil  of  same  color.  Derived  from  red  sandstone  and  shale  of 
the  Piedmont  Plateau. 

Porters  series. — Gray  to  red  sand  to  loam,  with  red  clay  subsoil, 
derived  from  granitic  rocks  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains. 

Be  Kalb  series. — Yellow  sand  and  loam,  with  heavier  subsoil  of 
the  same  color,  derived  from  sandstone  of  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tain and  Cumberland  Plateau. 
31896—04 2 


18  Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 

Hagerstoivn  series. — Yellow  to  red  sand  and  loam,  with  clay  sub- 
soil of  same  color,  derived  from  massive  limestone,  in  residual 
valleys  and  uplands. 

Fort  Faijne  series. — Light-colored,  usually  yellow,  sand  and  loam, 
resting  on  clay  of  same  color;  both  soil  and  subsoil  usually  very 
cherty.  Derived  principally  from  Knox  dolomite  (magnesium 
limestone). 

ClarksviUe  series. — Soil  of  varying  colors,  with  a  distinctive  red 
or  yellow  subsoil  derived  mainly  from  the  limestone  of  the  St. 
Louis  group. 

Miami  series. — Light-colored  sand  and  loam,  resting  on  light- 
colored  glacial  till  or  loess  of  the  glaciated  and  loessial  areas. 

Marsliall  series. — Dark-colored  sand  and  loam,  resting  generally 
on  light-colored  glacial  till  or  loess  of  the  glaciated  or  loessial 
areas.     Generally  upland  areas. 

Sioux  series. — Dark-colored  material  resting  on  dark  or  light  col- 
ored subsoils,  with  gravel  beds  within  3  feet  of  the  surface. 
Occupying  river  bottoms  in  the  glaciated  area. 

Dunkirk  series. — Dark-colored  material  found  on  the  glacial 
beaches  around  the  Great  Lakes. 

Oswego  seizes. — Residual  prairie  soils  derived  from  interbedded 
sandstone,  limestone,  and  shale. 

Sedgwick  series. — Origin  not  clearly  understood;  the  soils  may 
possibly  not  be  related. 

Maricojxi  series. — Colluvial  wash  from  granitic  hills.  Inter- 
mountain  and  Pacific  Coast  States. 

Fresno  series. — Alluvial  wash  of  granitic  material.  Inter-moun- 
tain and  Pacific  coast. 

Yakima  series. — Derived  from  basaltic  material  and  volcanic  ash. 
Pacific  coast. 

Reiljiehl  series. — Residual  or  alluvial,  from  red  sandstone  strata 
of  the  far  West. 

O.rnard  series. — River,  delta,  and  coast  valley  soils  of  sandstone 
and  shale  material.     Pacific  coast. 

Billings  series. — Interior  valley  soils  derived  from  sandstone  and 
shale  of  the  Great  Plains. 

Salt  Lake  series. — Lacustrine  deposits,  typically  developed  around 
the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Pecos  series. — Alluvial,  highlv  calcareous  soils  of  the  far  West. 


Mapping  Soils  and  Alkali.  19 

Imperial  series. — Delta  soils  of  the  Colorado  Desert. 

Salem  series. — Derived  from  interbedded  red  sandstone,  shale, 
and  highly  ferruginous  basalt.     Pacific  coast. 

San  Luis  series. — Lacustrine  deposits  of  volcanic  rock  material, 
underlain  by  gravel  within  3  or  4  feet.     Inter-mountain  valleys. 

Scheme  of  soil  classification. — While  it  is  not  possible  to  make 
a  rigid  classification  of  soils  from  the  mechanical  analyses,  much 
may  be  done  to  systematize  and  bring  into  uniformity  the  classi- 
fication of  soils  by  the  different  field  parties.  The  following 
scheme  seems  to  fit  very  closely  the  best  field  classification,  and 
has  been  made  up  from  the  examination  of  several  thousand  sam- 
ples which  have  been  described  by  the  field  men  and  analyzed 
in  the  physical  laboratory  of  the  Bureau. 

Coarse  sand  contains  more  than  20  per  cent  of  coarse  sand  and 
more  than  50  per  cent  of  fine  gravel,  coarse  sand,  and  medium  sand, 
less  than  10  per  cent  of  very  fine  sand,  less  than  15  per  cent  of  silt, 
less  than  10  per  cent  of  clay,  and  less  than  20  per  cent  of  silt  and 
clay. 

Medium  sand  contains  less  than  10  per  cent  of  fine  gravel,  more 
than  50  per  cent  of  coarse,  medium,  and  fine  sand,  less  than  10 
per  cent  of  very  fine  sand,  less  than  15  per  cent  of  silt,  less  than 
10  per  cent  of  clay,  and  less  than  20  per  cent  of  silt  and  clay. 

Fine  sand  contains  less  than  10  percent  of  fine  gravel  and  coarse 
sand,  more  than  50  per  cent  of  fine  and  very  fine  sand,  less  than 
15  per  cent  of  silt,  less  than  10  per  cent  of  clay,  and  less  than  20 
per  cent  of  silt  and  clay. 

Sandy  loam  contains  more  than  20  per  cent  of  fine  gravel,  coarse 
sand,  and  medium  sand,  more  than  20  per  cent  and  less  than  35 
per  cent  of  silt,  less  than  15  per  cent  of  clay,  and  less  than  50  per 
cent  of  silt  and  clay. 

Fine  sandy  loam  contains  more  than  40  per  cent  of  fine  and  very 
fine  sand  and  more  than  20  per  cent  and  less  than  50  per  cent  of 
silt  and  clay,  usually  containing  10  to  35  per  cent  of  silt  and  from 
5  to  15  per  cent  of  clay. 

Silt  loam  contains  more  than  55  per  cent  of  silt  and  less  than  25 
per  cent  of  clay. 

Loam  contains  less  than  55  per  cent  of  silt,  and  more  than  50 
per  cent  of  silt  and  clay,  usually  containing  from  15  to  25  per  cent 
of  ciav. 


20 


Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 


Clay  loam  contains  from  25  to  55  per  cent  of  silt,  25  to  85  per 
cent  of  clay,  and  more  than  60  per  cent  of  silt  and  clay. 

Clay  contains  more  than  35  i)er  cent  of  clay. 

Sandy  clay  contains  more  than  30  per  cent  of  coarse,  medium, 
and  line  sand,  less  than  25  per  cent  of  silt,  more  than  20  per  cent 
of  clay,  and  less  than  60  per  cent  of  silt  and  clay. 

Silt  clay  contains  more  than  55  per  cent  of  silt  and  from  25  to  35 
per  cent  of  clay. 

The  following  tal)le  contains  the  same  information  differently 
arranged  and  may  prove  of  more  use  to  some  of  the  field  men: 

Scheme  of  soil  classification  hased  upon  the  mechanical  composition  of 

soils. 


Class. 

1. 

2-1 

•> 

1-.5 

3. 

.  5-.  25 

4. 

.  2,V-.  1 

5. 

.  1-.  05 

CJ. 

.  05-.  005 

.00.5-0 

Coarse  sand. 

More 

than  20 

per  cent 

of  2. 

Less 
than 
10  per 
cent 
of  5. 

0-15 

0-10 

Less  than  20  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

More  than  50  per  cent  of 

1+2+3. 

M  e  d  i  n  m 
sand. 

Less 
than 
10  per 
cent 
of  1. 

More  than  50  per  cent  of 
2+3+4. 

Less 
than 
10  per 
cent 
of  5. 

0-15 

0-10 

Less  than  20  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

Fine  sand. 

Less  than  10  per 
cent  of  1+2. 

More  than  50 
I>er  cent  of 
4-f5. 

0-15 

0-10 

Less  than  20  per 
cent  of  (5+7. 

.Sandy  loam. 

10-35           5-15 

I 
J 

More  t 

han  20  i)er 

1+2  +  3. 

cent  of 

More  than  20  per 
cent,    and    less 
than  50  percent 
of  li  +  7. 

Miil>l>ln(j  Soils  and  Allali.  21 

Scheme  of  soil  class!  fin  it  ion,  etc. — Continued. 


Class.              .Jj 

l-.*5 

o 

.  5-. 25 

4. 

.  2-5-.  1 

5. 

.  1-.  05 

6. 

.05-.  005 

.  00.5-0 

Fine   sandy 
loam. 

More  than  40 
per  cent  of 
4+.5. 

10-35 

5-15 

More  than  20  per 
cent     and    less 
than  50  per  cent 
of  6+7. 

Loam, 

15-25 

Less 

than  55 

per  cent 

of  6. 

More  than  50  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

Silt  loam. 

More 

than  55 

per  cent 

of  6. 

Less 
than  25  , 
per  cent 
of  7. 

Clay  loam. 

1 

2.5-55 

25-35 

More  than  60  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

Sandy  clay. 

More  than  30  per  cent  of 

■2  +  3+4. 

Less 

than  25 

per  cent 

of  6. 

More 

than  20 

per  cent 

Of  7. 

Less  than  60  per  ; 
cent  of  ('+7.        ' 

Silt  clay. 

• 

More 

than  55 

per  cent 

of  6. 

25-35 

per  cent 

of  7. 

!    Clav. 

1          ■            • 

More  than  35  per 
cent  of  6+7. 

22  Instruct io7is  to  Field  Parties. 

Outfit  for  work. — Tlie  outfit  for  field  work  consists  of  the  followiiij;: 

Soil  auger,  40-inch  handle. 

Geologist's  hammer. 

Notebooks. 

Compass  or  plane  table. 

Odometer. 

Chain  scale. 

Set  of  colored  pencils. 

Base  map. 

Sacks  and  tags  for  collecting  samples  of  soil. 

Cards  for  reporting  samples  collected  (Forms  46,  47,  48). 

Copy  of  Field  Instructions. 
In  addition  to  the  above  certain  parties  should  add: 

Alkali  outfit. 

Extension  auger  and  pipe  wrenches. 

Filter  pump. 

Metallic  tape  50  feet  long. 
These  supplies  are  to  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  property 
clsrk  of  the  Bureau,  countersigned  by  the  chief  clerk.  Memoran- 
dum receipts  are  taken  by  him  for  all  supplies  issued.  Additional 
supplies,  stationery,  etc.,  needed  while  in  the  field  are  to  be  ordered 
on  card,  Form  43.  The  loss  of,  or  damage  to,  any  supplies  should 
be  at  once  reported  to  the  chief  clerk,  with  an  explanation  of  the 
cause  of  such  loss  or  damage. 

Odometer. — The  Bell  odometer  has  been  adopted  for  use  in  all 
measurements.  The  instrument  should  be  clamped  to  the  axle  of 
the  vehicle  by  the  band  wdiich  supports  the  shafts.  The  iron  pin 
is  driven  in  the  end  of  the  hub  and  is  bent  so  that  as  the  wheel 
revolves  the  end  of  the  pin  just  strikes  the  swell  of  the  cogwheel 
on  the  odometer.  If  the  instrument  is  carefully  adjusted  very  little 
trouble  is  experienced  in  its  use.  The  red  hand  revolves  once 
every  mile,  giving  the  fractions  of  a  mile,  each  space  representing 
one-fortieth  of  a  mile,  or  8  rods.  Each  revolution  of  the  red  hand 
moves  the  yellow  hand  one  space,  representing  the  miles  up  to  40 
in  one  revolution  around  the  dial,  and  shown  by  the  inside  figures. 
Each  revolution  of  the  yellow  hand  moves  the  black  hand  one 
space,  each  space  representing  40  miles,  and  shown  by  the  outside 
figures.     The  sum  of  the  indications  of  the  three  hands  gives  the 


Mapping  Soils  and  Alkali. 


23 


mileage.  Each  odometer  is  adapted  to  but  one  sized  wheel.  In 
case  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  a  vehicle  with  a  wheel  of  the  proper 
size  for  the  odometer  you  have,  the  readings  must  be  corrected  in 
order  to  read  miles.  Should  any  other  sized  wheel  be  used,  the 
following  formula  will  enable  the  proper  correction  to  be  made: 

ad 


X- 


A 


AVhere  x  is  distance  traver.sed  in  fortieths  of  a  mile,  d  is  the  diame- 
ter of  the  wheel  to  be  used,  d^  is  the  diameter  of  wheel  to  which 
the  odometer  is  adapted,  and  a  is  number  of  dial  divisions  as  read 
from  odometer. 

The  instruments  furnished  by  this  Bureau  are  nearly  all  adapted 
to  a  42-inch  wheel.  The  following  table  will  enable  the  proper 
correction  to  be  made  when  any  other  than  a  42-inch  wheel  is 
used.  The  figures  in  the  first  column  are  the  dial  divisions  as 
read  from  the  odometer,  and  the  figures  in  the  other  columns 
give  the  distance  traveled  in  fortieths  of  a  mile.  Chain  scales 
divided  into  forty  parts  to  an  inch  are  supplied  for  convenience 
in  platting  distances  as  measured  or  calculated  in  this  table. 

Table  for  reducing  odometer  readings  to  fortieths  of  a  mile. 


Dial  divisions. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


Wheel  diameter— inches. 

38 

39 

40 

41 

43 

44 

45 

0.9 

0.9 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.1 

1.8 

1.9 

1.9 

2.0 

2.0 

2.1 

2.1 

2.7 

2.8 

2.9 

2.9 

3.1 

3.1 

3.2 

3.6 

3.7 

3.8 

3.9 

4.1 

4.2 

4.3 

4.5 

4.6 

4.8 

4.9 

.5.1 

5.2 

5.4 

5.4 

5.6 

5.7 

5.9 

6.1 

6.3 

6.4 

6.3 

6.5 

6.7 

6.8 

7.1 

7.3 

7.5 

7.2 

•      7.4 

7.6 

7.8 

8.2 

8.4 

8.6 

8.1 

8.4 

8.6 

8.8 

9.2 

9.4 

9.6 

9.0 

9.3 

9.5 

9.8 

10.2 

10.5 

10.7 

9.9 

10.2 

10.5 

10.7 

11.3 

11.5 

11.8 

10.8 

11.1 

11.4 

11.7 

12.3 

12.6 

12.8 

11.7 

12.1 

12.4 

12.7 

13.3 

13.6 

13.9 

12.  6 

13.0 

13.3 

13.7 

14.3 

14.7 

15.0 

13.5 

13.9 

14.3 

14.6 

15.3 

1.5.7 

16.1 

46 

1.1 
2.2 
3.3 
4.4 
5.  5 

6.6 
7.  7 
8.8 
9.9 
11.0 

12.0 
13.2 
14.2 
1-5.3 
16.4 


24 


Instructions  to  Field  Parties, 


Table  for  reducing  odometer  readings  to  fortieths  of  a  mile — Cont'd. 


Dial  divisions. 

Wheel  diameter— inches. 

38 

39 

40 

41 

43 

44 

45 

4G 

16 

14.4 
15.3 
16.3 
17.2 
18.1 

19.0 
19.9 
20.8 
21.7 
22.6 

23.5 
24.4 
25.3 
26. 2 
27.1 

28.0 
28.9 
29.8 
30.7 
31.6 

32.5 
33.4 
34.4 
35.3 
36.2 

37.1 
38.0 
38.9 
39.8 
40.7 

14.8 
15.8 
16.7 
17.6 
18.6 

19.5 
20.4 
21.3 
22.3 
23.2 

24.1 
25.1 
26.0 
26.9 
27.8 

28.8 
29.7 
30.6 
31.6 
32.5 

33.4 
34.3 
35.3 
36.2 
37.1 

38.0 
39.0 
39.9 

40.8 
41.8 

15.2 
16.2 
17.1 
18.1 
19.1 

20.0 
20.9 
21.9 
22.8 
23.8 

24.7 
25.7 
26.6 
27.6 
28.  G 

29.5 
30.4 
31.4 
32.4 
33.3 

34.3 
35.2 
36.2 
37.1 
38.1 

39.0 
40.0 
40.9 
41.9 

42.8 

15.6 
16.6 
17.6 
18.5 
19.5 

20.5 
21.4 
22.4 
23.4 
24.4 

25.4 
26.4 
27.3 
28.3 
29.3 

30.3 
31.2 
32.2 
33.2 
34.2 

35.1 
36.1 
37.1 
38.1 
39.0 

40.0 
41.0 
42.0 
42.9 
43.9 

16.4 
17.4 
18.4 
19.4 
20.5 

21.5 
22.5 
23.5 
24.5 
25.6 

26.6 
27.  G 
28.6 
29.7 
30.7 

31.7 
32.7 
33.8 
34.8 
35.8 

36.8 
37.9 
38.9 
39.9 
40.9 

41.9 
43.0 
44.0 
45.0 
46.0 

16.8 
17.8 

18.8 
19.9 
20.9 

22.0 
23.0 
24.1 
25.1 
26.2 

27. 2 
28.3 
29.3 
30.4 
31.4 

32.5 
33.5 
34.6 
35.6 
36.6 

37.7 
38.7 
.39.8 
40.8 
41.9 

42.9 
44.0 
45.0 
46.1 
47.1 

17.1 
18.2 
19.3 
20.3 
21.4 

22.5 
23.5 
24.6 
25.7 
26.8 

27.8 
28.9 
30.0 
31.1 
32.1 

33.2 
34.3 
35.3 
36.4 
37.5 

38.6 
39.6 
40.7 
41.8 
42.8 

43.9 
45.0 
46.1 
47.1 

48.2 

17.5 

17  

18.6 

18 

19.7 

19 

20.8 

20 

21.9 

21 

23.0 

22 

24.1 

23 

25.2 

24 

26.3 

25 

27.4 

26 

28. 5 

27 

29.6 

28 

30.7 

29 

31.8 

30 

32.9 

31 

33.9 

32 

35.0 

33 

36.1 

34 

37.2 

35 

38.3 

36 

39.4 

37 

40.5 

38 

41.6 

39 

42.7 

4U 

43.8 

41 

44.9 

42 

46.0 

43 

47.1 

44 

48. 2 

45 

49.3 

Plane-table  traversing. — It  is  sometimes  impossible  to  furnish  the 
field  party  with  a  base  map  of  proi)er  accuracy.  In  all  such  cases 
the  party  will  be  supi)lied  with  a  plane-table  outfit,  and  a  traverse 
base  map  of  the  area  is  to  be  constructed  in  the  field  by  the  soil- 


MappliKj  Soils  and  Alkali.  25 

survey  party.  This  traverse  work  should,  however,  Ije  reduced  to 
a  minimum. 

In  carrying  on  traverse  work  or  surveying  of  any  description,  the 
methods  used,  where  possible,  should  conform  to  well-established 
methods,  such  as  are  given  in  Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying. 

In  order  to  orient  plane-table  maps  to  true  north  and  south,  the 
map  on  page  4,  showing  the  lines  of  equal  magnetic  declination,  is 
given.  The  solid  lines  show  equal  declination  and  the  dotted  lines 
show  equal  annual  change.  The  lines  are  moving  westward,  so 
that  where  the  declination  is  east  it  decreases  and  where  west  it 
increases  annually. 

Samples  for  laboratory  examination. — To  avoid  unnecessary  work 
and  to  prevent  overcrowding  of  the  laboratory  force,  it  will  be  very 
necessary  to  use  care  and  judgment  in  the  selection  of  samples  for 
mechanical  or  chemical  examination. 

vSoil  samples,  as  a  rule,  should  not  be  collected  until  the  party  has 
obtained  a  very  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  type  conditions; 
then  a  description  of  the  soil  should  be  sent  in  upon  Form  46. 
This  description  should  be  of  so  general  a  nature  that  it  will  apply 
to  all  samples  collected  from  that  soil  in  that  district.  Then,  too, 
this  type  description  should  be  made  of  every  soil  type  found  in  the 
district,  whether  it  is  correlated  with  a  soil  occurring  in  other  dis- 
tricts or  is  a  new  type. 

After  this  general  description  has  been  sent  in  a  limited  number 
of  samples  from  not  exceeding  four  places  in  each  soil  type,  and 
limited  to  one  or  tw  o  localities  in  the  case  of  less  important  types, 
should  be  collected  and  the  individual  samples  described  on  Form 
47,  one  card  being  used  for  each  sample,  whether  it  is  of  a  soil  or 
subsoil,  and  each  sample  being  designated  by  the  local  name  adopted 
for  the  type  to  which  it  belongs. 

It  will  be  better  to  defer  taking  samples  until  the  work  has  pro- 
gressed sufficiently  far  to  insure  a  thoroughly  representative  set  of 
samples. 

A  separate  card  (Form  48)  is  provided  for  miscellaneous  sam- 
ples, such  as  marl,  minerals,  crusts,  and  plants,  and  in  all  cases 
such  samples  should  be  fully  described,  and  the  kind  and  purpose 
of  the  examination  desired  should  be  clearly  stated.  Often  a 
qualitative  examination  will  answer  if  we  know  the  purpose  of  the 


26  Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 

work,  and  thus  the  long  and  tedious  process  of  a  complete  chem- 
ical analysis  may  often  be  avoided. 

Care  in  attending  to  these  details  will  insure  the  greatest  accu- 
racy and  the  earliest  completion  of  the  work,  so  that  the  results 
may  be  available  as  soon  as  possible,  preferably  before  the  party 
leaves  the  district. 

Write  all  cards  and  tags  on  samples  of  soil  in  ink,  as  pencil  rubs 
badh^  and  is  sometimes  illegible  when  received  in  the  othce. 

Correspondence  and  weekly  report. — All  correspondence  with  the 
Bureau  should  be  addressed  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau.  At  least 
once  each  week  the  head  of  the  party  should  report  to  the  Chief 
by  letter,  informing  him  of  the  progress  of  the  work,  the  results 
which  have  been  attained,  describing  new  types  of  soil,  and  giv- 
ing a  statement  of  the  health  of  members  of  the  party. 

At  the  end  of  each  week  a  report  on  card.  Form  49,  should  be 
filled  out  and  returned  to  this  office.  This  card  report  is  not  to 
take  the  place  of  a  weekly  letter,  but  should  be  accompanied  by  a 
letter  giving  in  detail  the  operations  of  the  party.  The  cards  will 
be  filed  in  the  office  for  ready  reference. 

Field  and  office  maps. — As  fast  as  the  soil  maps  are  completed 
copies  should  be  sent  to  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  to  be  filed.  To 
facilitate  this,  two  copies  of  the  base  map  are  fo  be  made.  One 
copy  should  be  cut  into  sections  not  more  than  5  by  7  inches  in 
size.  As  soon  as  the  soils  have  been  surveyed  on  a  section  an  ex- 
act copy  should  be  made  and  forwarded  to  the  office.  With  each 
section  should  be  sent  a  legend  and  a  profile  of  each  soil  type. 
On  the  completion  of  an  area  or  sheet  all  field  maps,  with  com- 
plete legend  and  profile,  and  all  notebooks,  plane-table  sheets,  or 
data  collected  are  to  be  forwarded  by  registered  mail.  The  Jield 
copy  should  Ije  correct  in  every  detail  when  sent  to  the  office,  as 
the  copy  that  is  sent  to  the  printer  is  prepared  from  this  or  cor- 
rected from  this,  and  not  from  the  office  copy.  Necessary  changes 
in  the  office  copies  previously  forwarded  will  be  made  in  this 
office  from  the  original  field  copy.  The  field  copy  will  be  the 
official  copy  until  the  map  is  published.  It  should  therefore  be 
as  distinct  and  as  accurate  as  possible. 

Directions  for  mapping  alkali  soils. — The  intervals  for  the  alkali 
maps  are  to  represent,  respectively,  0.20,  0.40,  0.(^0,  1,  and  3  per 


Mfipping  Soils  and  Alkali 


27 


cent  of  salt  in  the  dry  soil.     The  maps  are  to  be  constructed  in  the 
field  directly  from  the  resistances. 

Standardizations  have  been  made  in  15  areas,  and  a  study  of  the 
curves  reveals  the  fact  that  there  is  very  little  difference  between 
them;  certainly  no  more  difference  between  curves  from  different 
areas  than  has  been  found  by  duplication  of  the  standardization  in 
one  area.  The  following  table  shows  the  standardization  made 
up  from  an  average  of  these  15  curves.  This  table  should  be  used 
in  all  reconnoissance  work  and  can  be  used  in  all  alkali  surveys, 
except  where  it  is  found  the  curve  does  not  give  reliable  results, 
or  where  unusual  accuracy  is  required.  In  such  cases  a  new  curve 
should  be  made  according  to  the  instructions  given. 

Average  standardization — Table  of  limiting  values. 


Salt  in 
soil. 

s.  and  ssc. 

sc. 

sec. 

c.  and  he. 

Average. 

Per  cent. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

Ohms. 

3.00 

21.9 

24.9 

26.7 

27.4 

25.2 

1.00 

43.7 

45.8 

47.7 

48.8 

46.4 

.60 

65.9 

68.8 

71.1 

73.5 

69.8 

.40 

92.1 

95.3 

98.7 

101.4 

96.9 

.20 

163.6 

172.  5 

178.7 

193.  4 

177.1 

The  difference  between  the  resistances  for  the  various  grades  of 
soil  is  so  small  as  to  be  within  the  limit  of  accuracy  of  the  method, 
so  that  hereafter  texture  may  be  entirely  disregarded  and  the 
figures  in  the  last  column  used  as  the  limiting  values. 

For  convenience,  where  it  is  desired  to  determine  the  percent- 
age of  alkali  from  the  resistance  at  60°  F.,  the  table  on  the  follow- 
ing page  has  been  picked  out  from  the  average  standardizations. 


28 


Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 


Table  showing  percenimje  of  salt  in  soil. 


Resistance 
at  60°  F. 

s.  and  ssc. 

SC. 

sec. 

C. 

Per  cent  salt. 

Per  cent  salt. 

Per  cent  salt. 

Per  cent  salt. 

20 
25 

3.12 
2.65 

2.98 

3.19 

3.30 

30 

2.18 

2.43 

2.65 

2.79 

35 

1.69 

1.91 

2.13 

2.28 

40 

1.18 

1.40 

1.63 

1.77 

45 

.95 

1.02 

1.18 

1.28 

50 

.83 

.89 

.94 

.97 

55 

.74 

.80 

.84 

.87 

60 

.67 

.71 

.74 

.78 

65 

.60 

.64 

.67 

.71 

70 

.55 

.58 

.61 

.65 

75 

.51 

.54 

.56 

.59 

SO 

.47 

.51 

.52 

.54 

85 

.44 

.47 

.49 

.50 

90 

.41 

.43 

.45 

.47 

95 

.38 

.40 

.42 

.44 

100 

.36 

.37 

.39 

.41 

105 

.34 

.35 

.37 

.38 

110 

.32 

.33 

.35 

.36 

115 

.30 

.31 

.33 

.34 

120 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.33 

125 

.27 

.28 

.30 

.31 

130 

.25 

.27 

.28 

.30 

135 

.24 

.26 

.27 

.29 

140 

.23 

.25 

.26 

.28 

145 

.22 

.24 

.25 

.25 

150 

.21 

.23 

.24 

.25 

155 

.21 

.22 

.23  .. 

.24 

KiO 

.20 

.21 

.22 

.23 

165 

.20 

.21 

.22 

.23 

170 

.19 

.20 

.21 

.!.> 

If  more  accurate  work  is  to  be  done,  or  it  is  believed  tbe  above 
limits  do  not  lit  tbe  conditions,  tbe  work  is  to  be  standardized  in 
each  district  in  tbe  following  way:  Take  eigbt  or  ten  crusts,  includ- 
ing tbe  top  inch  of  soil,  or  if  crusts  can  nt>t  be  obtained,  take  tbe 


MappliKj  Soils  and  Alkali,  29 

strongest  alkali  soils  from  different  places  over  the  whole  area. 
Fill  a  large  cup,  tumbler,  or  bottle  about  one-third  full  with  a  crust 
or  soil,  using  more  or  less,  according  to  the  richness  of  the  mate- 
rial, and  nearly  fill  the  receptacle  with  distilled  water.  Stir  or 
shake  vigorously  several  times  and  filter  off  a  pint  of  the  solution, 
using  the  filter  pump.  Rinse  out  the  filter  pump  after  each  sam- 
ple. Treat  the  eight  or  ten  crusts  or  soils  in  the  same  way.  The 
presence  of  .black  alkali  wn 1 1  frequently  give  the  solutions  a  red- 
dish color,  but  this  can  be  ignored.  Determine  the  electrical 
resistances  of  the  solutions  in  the  cell.  Take  an  amount  of  the 
strongest  solution  equivalent  to  approximately  200  cc.  having  a 
resistance  of  about  5  ohms,  and  add  to  it  a  volume  of  each  of  the 
others  proportional  to  the  resistances  determined.  If  the  resist- 
ance of  this  mixture,  containing  approximately  equal  quantities 
of  salts  from  the  eight  or  ten  localities,  is  10  ohms  or  less,  it  can  be 
used  directly  for  the  standardization.  If  the  resistance  is  greater 
than  10  ohms,  the  solution  should  be  evaporated  until  the  resist- 
ance is  sufficiently  low.  Carefully  measure  out  100  cc.  of  this 
composite  solution  and  transfer  it  to  a  small  dish  which  has  been 
carefully  cleaned,  dried,  and  accurately  weighed  to  centigrams. 
Evaporate  to  dryness,  ignite  very  gently  to  free  the  sulphates  and 
carbonates  of  water  of  crystallization,  let  cool,  and  again  weigh. 
The  gain  in  weight  will  give  the  percentage  in  salts  in  the  com- 
posite solution.  This  percentage  divided  into  any  percentage  in 
the  following  table  multiplied  by  100  will  give  the  number  of 
cubic  centimeters  of  the  composite  solution  required  to  be  diluted 
to  100  cc.  in  order  to  obtain  the  corresponding  percentage  in  first 
column  of  the  table.  If  the  volume  thus  secured  for  some  of  the 
higher  concentrations  exceeds  100  cc,  it  should  be  reduced  to 
100  cc.  by  evaporation.  Ordinarily  a  3J  per  cent  solution  is  as 
concentrated  as  will  be  required,  as  this  represents  1  per  cent  of 
salt  in  the  soil.  The  electrical  resistance  of  this  3J  per  cent  solu- 
tion in  any  cell,  divided  by  0.24,  will  equal  the  resistance  of  sand 
or  sandy  loam  in  the  same  cell  when  completely  saturated  and  at 
a  temperature  of  60°  F.",  when  the  soil  contains  1  per  cent  of  salt. 
The  composite  solution  is  to  be  diluted  and  the  resistance  deter- 
mined at  the  various  concentrations,  corresponding  to  the  limiting 
values  of  the  alkali  map  for  four  grades  of  soil. 


30 


Li^tructions  to  Field  Parties. 


The  dilutions  are  as  follows,  the  figures  representing  the  per- 
centage concentration  to  which  the  solution  is  to  be  reduced: 

Tu  obta'ni  Jhniiinq  vahtex. 


Salt  in 
soil. 

Salt  in  solution. 

s.  and  ssc. 

sc. 

sec. 

c.  and  he. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

3.00 

10.00 

7.95 

7.14 

6.67 

1.00 

3.33 

2.65 

2.38 

2.22 

.60 

2.00 

1.59 

1.43 

1.33 

.40 

1.33 

1.06 

.95 

.89 

.20 

.67 

.53 

.48 

.44 

Resistances  to 
be    reduced 
to  60°  F.  and 
divided  bv  .24 

.275 

.29 

.30 

Note. — S.  and  ssc,  sand  and  sandy  loam;  sc,  loam;  sec,  clay  loam;  c  and 
he,  clay  and  heavy  clay  soil. 

The  result  will  give  the  cell  resistance,  when  filled  with  satu- 
rated soil,  at  60°  F.,  corresponding  to  the  limiting  values  to  be 
inserted  in  the  following  table: 

Table  of  UmitliKj  values. 


Salt  in 
soil. 

s.  and  ssc. 

sc. 

sec 

c.  and  he 

Per  cent. 

3.00 

1.00 

.60 

.40 

.20 

Ohms. 

r)/(?».«. 

Olnn.'i. 

Ohms. 

Note. — If  it  is  desirable  to  determine  the  3  per  cent  limit  in  the  soil,  portions 
of  the  composite  solution  will  have  to  be  concentrated  by  evaporation  accord- 
ing to  the  above  directions  so  as  to  contain  the  ]>erceiitage  of  salt  given  in  the 
table.  The  cell  filled  Avith  such  concentrated  solutions  gives  a  resistance  too 
low  to  be  read  on  the  instrument,  and  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  a  measured 
amount  of  the  solution  in  the  cell,  as  for  example,  one-fourth  or  one-fifth  its 
capacity.  Determine  the  resistance  and  divide  it  by  4  or  5.  as  the  case  maybe. 
This  gives  the  resistance  of  the  cell  when  tilled.  For  these  concentrated  solu- 
tions the  readings  will  be  rather  indefinite.  Keep  the  cell  electrodes  well 
cleaned  at  all  times. 


Ma2)X>^n(j  Soils  mid  Alkali.  31 

The  irrigation  water,  or  the  soil,  the  electrical  resistance  of 
which  is  to  be  found,  is  put  into  the  hard-rubber  cell  with  metal 
electrodes.  If  the  salt  content  of  water  is  to  be  determined,  the 
cell  is  filled  even  full  with  the  water.  If  the  salt  content  of  soils 
is  to  be  determined,  the  soil  is  made  into  the  condition  of  a  thin 
mortar  with  distilled  water  and  the  cell  filled  with  this  material, 
gently  tappinir  the  cell  on  the  ground  to  exclude  air  bubbles.  The 
top  of  the  soil  is  then  struck  off  with  a  knife  edge,  so  that  the  cell 
shall  be  just  level  full  of  the  saturated  soil.  The  cell  is  then 
suspended  in  the  mercury  cups  attached  to  the  electrolytic  bridge 
and  the  electrical  resistance  determined  in  the  following  way: 

The  telephone  receiver  is  pressed  against  the  ear  and  the  handle 
of  the  instrument  pressed  down,  when  a  buzzing  sound  will  be 
heard  in  the  receiver.  Holding  the  handle  down  so  as  to  keep 
the  battery  switch  closed,  the  pointer  is  rotated  to  either  right  or 
left  until  the  position  is  found  at  which  the  note  in  the  telephone 
receiver  is  no  longer  heard  or  is  only  indistinctly  heard.  On 
rotating  the  pointer  to  either  side  of  this  position,  the  sound  in 
the  receiver  should  gradually  increase.  In  case  difficulty  is  found 
in  locating  the  exact  position  of  balance,  it  will  be  found  of  assist- 
ance to  rotate  the  pointer  rapidly  back  and  forth  over  the  position 
of  least  sound,  locating  points  of  equal  intensity  on  either  side. 
The  mean  position  between  these  two  points  gives  the  position  of 
balance,  and  the  number  opposite  the  pointer  gives  the  desired 
reading. 

In  case  a  balance  is  not  obtained  with  the  1,000-ohm  coil  of  the 
rotary  switch,  the  100-ohm  and  10-ohm  coils  should  be  tried  in 
succession.  It  is  best  to  choose  the  coil  which  will  bring  the  bal- 
ance as  near  as  possible  to  the  center  of  the  scale,  as  this  is  the 
most  sensitive  position. 

Having  obtained  the  balance,  the  resistance  is  found  by  multi- 
plying the  resistance  of  the  comparison  coil,  as  shown  by  the 
rotating  switch,  by  the  number  on  the  scale  0])posite  the  i:>ointer. 
Thus,  if  the  comparison  coil  used  has  a  resistance  of  100  ohms 
and  the  reading  on  the  scale  is  0.92,  the  resistance  in  the  scale  is 
92  ohms.  If  the  comparison  coil  is  1,000  ohms  and  the  reading  on 
the  scale  is  4.5,  the  resistance  would  be  4,500  ohms.  After  taking 
the  resistance  in  this  manner,  take  the  temperature  immediately, 


32  Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 

either  of  the  water  or  of  the  saturated  soil,  by  sticking  the  bulb  of 
a  thermometer  in  and  leaving  it  for  some  moments.  The  resist- 
ance is  then  corrected  for  this  temperature  according  to  the  direc- 
tions given  below,    n 

Reduction  of  resistances  to  a  temperature  of  60°  F. — A  single  illus- 
tration will  serve  to  show  the  way  the  following  table  is  used  in 
the  reduction  of  electrical  resistances  to  a  uniform  temperature  of 
60°  F. :  Suppose  the  observed  resistance  of  the  soil  is  2,585  ohms 
at  a  temperature  of  50.5°.  In  the  table,  at  the  temperature  of 
50.5°,  as  indicated  on  the  left-hand  side,  we  find  that  at  that 
temperature  2,000  ohms  is  equal  to  1,748  ohms  at  60°;  5,000  ohms 
is  equal  to  4,370  ohms  at  60°;  hence  500  ohms  would  be  equal 
to  437  ohms.  Similarly,  80  ohms  would  be  one-hundredth  of 
the  value  given  for  8,000  ohms  at  50.5°  in  the  table,  therefore 
equal  to  about  70  ohms  at  60°,  while  the  5  ohms  would  be  equal 
to  about  4  ohms.     These  separate  values  are  added  together  thus: 

2,000  1,748 

500  437 

80  70 

5  4 


2,  585  ohms  at50.5°=2,  259  ohms  at  60' 


Ma2>ping  So'tU  and  Alkali, 


33 


Reduction  of  the  electrical  resistance  of  soils  to  a  uniform  temperature  of 

G0°  F. 


°F. 

1000 

•2000  i  3000 

1 

4000 

5000 

GOOO 

7000 

8000 

9000 

32.0 
32.5 

33.0 
33.5 

34.0 
34.5 

36.0 
35.5 

36.0 
36.5 

37.0 
37.5 

38.0 
38.5 

39.0 
39.5 

625. 
632 

639 
646 

653 
660 

667^ 
674' 

681 
688 

695 
702 

709 
716 

722 
729 

-*- 

,250 
264 

278 
,292 

30(5 
320 

334 
348 

362 
376 

390 
404 

418 
432 

444 
458 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

2 

2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

I 

875 
,896 

917 
938 

959 

980 

001 
022 

043 
064 

085 
106 

127 
148 

166 
187 

2 
,  2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 

2 

2 
2 

2 

2 

500 
,528 

,556 
,584 

612 
640 

668 
696 

724 
752 

780 
808 

836 

864 

888 
916 

'  3, 125 
3,150 

3,195 
3,230 

3, 265 
3,300 

3, 335 
3,370 

3, 405 
3,440 

3, 475 
3,510 

3,545 

3,580 

3,610 
3,645 

3,750 
3, 792 

3,834 
3,876 

3, 918 
3,960 

4,002 
4,044 

4,086 
4,128 

4,170 
4, 212 

4,254 
4, 296 

4, 332 
4,374 

4, 375 
4,424 

4,473 
4,522 

4,  571 
4,620 

4,669 
4,718 

4,767 
4,816 

4,  865 
4,914 

4,963 
5,012 

5,054 
5,103 

5,000 
5,056 

5, 112 
5,168 

5,224 
5,280 

5,336 
5, 392 

5,448 
5,504 

5, 560 
5,616 

5,672 
5,728 

5,776 
5,832 

5, 625 
5,688 

5,751 
5,814 

5,877 
5, 940 

6,003 
6,066 

6,129 
6,192 

6,255 
6,318 

6,381 
6,444 

6,498 
6,561 

40.0 
40.5 

41.0 
41.5 

42.0 
42.5 

43.0 
43.5 

44.0 
44.5 

45.0 
45.5 

46.0 
46.5 

47.0 
47.5 

48.0 
48.5 

49.0 
49.5 

736 
743 

750 
757 

763 
770 

776 
782 

788 
794 

800 
807 

814 
821 

828 
835 

842 
849 

856 
862 

472 

486 

500 
514 

526 
540 

552 
564 

576 

588 

600 
614 

628 
642 

65G 
670 

684 
698 

712 
724 

2 

9 

2 

9 

2 

9 
9 

2 

9 

— 

2 

9 
*-) 

9 

9 

2 

2 
2 

2, 
2 

9 
9 

208 
229 

250 
271 

289 
310 

328 
346 

364 
382 

400 
421 

442 
463 

484 
505 

526 
547 

568 
586 

2 

2 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

944 
972 

000 
028 

052 

080 

104 
128 

152 
176 

200 
228 

256 
284 

312 
340 

368 
396 

424 
448 

3,680 
3,715 

"  3, 750 

3, 785 

3,815 
3,850 

3,880 
3,910 

3,940 
3,970 

4,000 
4,035 

4,070 
4,105 

4,140 
4,175 

4,210 
4,245 

4,2<S0 
4,310 

4,416 
4,458 

4,500 
4,542 

4,578 
4,620 

4, 656 
4,692 

4, 728 
4,764 

4,800 
4,842 

4,  884 
4,926 

4,968 
5,010 

5,052 
5,094 

5,136 
5, 172 

5,152 
5,201 

5,250 
5,299 

5,341 
5,390 

5,432 
5,474 

5, 516 

5,558 

5,600 
5,649 

5,698 
5,  747 

5,796 
5,845 

5,884 
5,933 

5,992 
6,034 

5, 888 
5,944 

6,000 
6,056 

6,104 
6, 160 

6, 208 
6, 256 

6,304 
6,352 

6,400 
.  6,456 

6, 512 
6,568 

6,624 
6, 680 

6,736 
6,792 

6,848 
6,896 

6,634 
6,687 

6,750 
6,813 

6,867 
6,930 

6,984 
7,038 

7, 092 
7,146 

7,200 
7,263 

7,326 
7,389 

7, 4.52 
7, 515 

7,578 
7,641 

7,704 
7,  758 

50.0 
50.5 

51.0 
51.5 

52.0 
52.5 

53.0 
53.5 

54.0 
54.5 

868 
875 

881 

887 

893 
900 

906 
912 

919 
926 

736 
750 

762 
774 

786 
800 

812 

824 

838 
852 

9 

2 

2 
2, 

2, 
2, 

9 

2 

2, 
2, 

604 
625 

643 
661 

679 
700 

718 
736 

757 
778 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

472 
500 

524 
548 

572 
600 

624 
648 

676 
704 

4,340 
4,375 

4,405 
4, 435 

4,465 
4,500 

4,530 
4,560 

4,595 
4,630 

5, 208 
5, 250 

5, 286 
5,322 

5,  358 
5,400 

5,436 
5,472 

5,514 
5,5.56 

6,076 
6, 125 

G,1G7 
6,209 

6,251 
6,300 

6, 342 
6,384 

6,433 
6,482 

6,944 
7,000 

7,048 
7,096 

7,144 
7,200 

7,  248 
7,296 

7, 352 

7, 408 

7,812 

7,875 

7,929 

7,983 

8,037 
8,100 

8, 154 
8,208 

8, 271 
8,334 

31896—04- 


u 


Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 


Uedticlion  of  I  lie  electrical  resistance  of  soils  to  a  unifornt  ieinjieratvre  of 

60°  i-l— Continued. 


55. 0 

55.  5 

56.0 

56.  5 

57.0 
57.5 

58. 0 
58. 5 

59.0 
59.5 


1000 

2000 

;}(>oo 

4000 

oOOO 

OOOO 

7  (MM) 

SOOO 

1 

933 

940 

1,866 
1,8S0 

2,799 
2, 820 

3,  732 
3,760 

4. 665 
4,700 

5,  .598 
5,  640 

6.  531 

6, 580 

7,464 
7, 526 

947 
954 

1,894 
1,908 

2, 841 
2, 862 

3,780 
3,  816 

4,  735 
4,770 

5, 682 
5,721 

0,  629 

6,  678 

7,  .576 
7, 632 

961 
968 

1,922 
1,936 

2, 883 
2,904 

3, 844 
3,872 

4,805 
4,839 

5,  766 
5, 807 

6,  727 
(■),  775 

7, 688 
7,743 

974 

981 

] ,  948 
1,962 

2,922 
2,  943 

3, 896 
3, 924 

4,  870 
4,905 

5,841 
5,886 

C,81,S 
(■),  867 

7,  792 

7, 848 

987 
994 

1,974 
1, 988 

2, 962 
2, 982 

3,  949 
3, 976 

4,936 
4,971 

5, 923 
5, 965 

6,  910 
6,  959 

7,898 
7,953 

OOOO 


8,397 
8, 460 

8, 523 

8, 586 

8, 649 
8,711 

8, 766 
8, 829 

8,885 
8,947 


60.0 
60. 5 

61.0 
61.5 

62.  0 
62.5 

63.0 
63.5 

64. 0 
64.  5 

65.0 
65. 5 

66.0 
66.5 

67.0 
67.5 

68.0 
68.5 

69.0 
69.5 


70.0 
70.5 

71.0 
71.5 

72.0 
72. 5 

73.0 
73.5 

74.0 
74.5 

75.0 
75.5 

76.0 
76. 5 

77.0 
77.5 


000 
006 

013 
020 

027 
033 

040 
047 

054 
061 

068 
075 

082 
089 

09() 
103 

110 
117 

125 
133 


140 
147 

155 
162 

170 
177 

185 
193 

201 

20S 

215 
222 

230 

238 

246 
254 


2, 000 
2,012 

2,026 
2, 040 

2. 054 
2,066 

2,080 
2,094 

2,108 
2,122 

2,136 
2, 150 

2, 164 
2,178 

2, 192 
2, 206 

2,  220 
2, 234 

2,  250 
2,266 


3,000 
3,018 

4,000 
4,024 

3, 039 
3,060 

4, 052 
4,080 

3, 081 
3, 099 

4, 108 
4, 132 

3,120 
3,141 

4,160 
4,188 

3,162 
3, 183 

4, 216 
4, 244 

3.201 
3, 225 

4,272 
4, 300 

3,246 
3, 267 

4,328 
4,356 

3,288 
3,309 

4,384 
4,412  , 

3,330 
3,351 

4,440 
4,468 

3, 375 
3, 399 

4,500 
4, 532 

5,000 
5,030 

5, 065 
5,100 

5,135 
5,165 

5, 200 
5, 235 

5, 270 
5, 305 

5, 340 
5, 375 

5,410 
5, 445 

5, 480 
5, 515 

5, 550 
5, 585 

5, 625 
5,  665 


6,000 
6,036 

6, 078 
6, 120 

6, 162 
6, 1C8 

6, 240 

0, 282 

0, 324 
6, 366 

6,408 
6, 450 

6, 492 
6,534 

6,  576 
6, 618 

6, 660 
6,  702 

6,  750 
6,  798 


7,000 

8,000 

7,012 

8, 048 

7, 091  • 

8,104 

7,140 

8,160 

7, 189 

8,  216 

7, 231 

8, 264 

7, 280 

8, 320 

7,329 

8,376 

7,378 

8,432 

7,427 

8,488 

7, 476 

8,544 

7, 525 

8,600 

7, 574 

8, 656 

7, 623 

8,712 

7,672 

8,  768 

7,721 

8,824 

7,770 

8,880 

7,819 

8,  936 

7,  875 

9,000 

7, 931 

9,064 

'   2,280 
2, 294 

3,420 
3,441 

4, 560 

4,  .588 

5,700 
5,735 

6,840 
6, 882 

7,  fJ80 
8, 029 

2,310 
,  2,324 

3,  465 
3,  4.S6 

4,  620 
4, 64S 

5, 775 
5,810 

6,  930 
6, 972 

8, 085 
8,134 

'   2,340 
2,  354 

3,510 
3, 531 

4,680 
4,7C8 

.5,850 
5, 885 

7, 028 
7, 062 

8,190 

8, 239 

,  2,370 
2,  3.S6 

3,  555 
3, 579 

4,740 
4,772 

5, 925 
5,  965 

7,110 
7, 158 

8,  295 
8,3.51 

2,  402 
2,416 

3, 603 
3, 624 

4,  ,S04 
4,832 

6, 005 
6,040 

7, 206 
7, 248 

8,407 
8, 456 

2,430 
2,444 

3,  645 
3,666 

4,860 
4,888 

6, 075 
6,110 

7,290 
7,332 

8,  505 
8,551  1 

2,  460 
2, 476 

3, 690 
3,714 

4.920 
4,  952 

6, 15.S 
6,190 

7, 380 
7, 428 

8.610 
8, 666 

2, 492 
2, 508 

3,7:« 

3,  762 

4,984 
5,016 

6,230 
6,  270 

7,476 
7. 524 

8,722 

8,77S 

9, 120 
9,176 

9, 240 
9, 296 

9, 360 
9,416 

9.480 
9, 544 

9,  608 
9,  (Mi  I 

9, 720 
9,776 

9, 840 
9, 904 

9, 968 
10, 032 


9,  OCO 
9, 054 

9,117 
9,180 

9, 243 
9, 297 

9,360 
9, 423 

9,  486 
9,  .549 

9,612 
9, 675 

9, 738 
9,801 

9, 864 
9, 927 

9,990 
10, 053 

10, 125 
10, 197 


10, 260 
10, 323 

10, 395 
i 0,458 

10,  .^30 
10, 593 

10, 665 
10.737 

40. 809 

10,872 

10.935 
10,  998 

11,070 
11.142 

11,214 
11,286 


M<rppin(/  Soils  and  Alkali. 


35 


Redaction  of  the  electrical  re.sistance  of  soils  to  d  uniform  temperature  of 

60°  F.  — Conti  nue<  I . 


1 

1000 

2000 

3000   4000 

5000 

6000 

1 

7000 

HOOO 

1 

9000 

78.0 

78.5 

79.0 
79.5 

1, 202 
1, 270 

1,278 
1,286 

2,524 
2,540 

2, 556 

2,572 

3,786  : 
3,810 

3, 834 

3,8.58  , 

5,048 
5,080 

5,112 
5, 144 

6,310 
6,350 

6,390 
6,430 

7. 572 
7, 620 

7,  668 
7,716 

7,  754 
7, 812 

7, 800 
7,908 

7,962 
8,010 

8, 058 
8,106 

8,154 
8, 202 

8, 256 
8,310 

8,  358 
8,406 

8,454 

8,508 

8, 562 
8, 610 

8,  658 
8,706 

8,834 
8,890 

8,  940 
9, 002 

9, 0.58 
9, 114 

9,170  ' 
9, 226 

9,289 
9, 345 

9,401 
9, 457 

9, 513 

9, 560 

9, 032 
9, 695 

9, 7.51 
9,807 

9,863 
9,931 

9, 989 
10, 040 

10, 091 
10, 157 

10,096 
10,160 

10,  224 

10, 288 

11,358 
11,430 

11,502 
11,574 

80.0 
80.5 

81.0 
81.5 

82.0 
82.5 

83.0 
83.5 

84.0 
84.5 

85.0 
85.5 

86.0 
86.5 

87.0 

87.5 

88.0 

88.5 

89.0 
89.5 

1,294 
1,302 

1,310 
1,318 

1,327 
1, 335 

1,343 
1,351 

1,359 
1,367 

1,376 

1,385 

1,393 
1,401 

1,409 
1,418 

1,427 
1,435 

1,443 
1,451 

2,588 
2,004 

2, 620 
2,636 

2,654 
2, 670 

2,686 
2,702 

2,718 
2,734 

2,752 
2,770 

2,786 
2, 802 

2,818 
2,836 

2,854 
2, 870 

2, 886 
2,  902 

3,882 
3,906 

3,930 
3,954 

3,981 
4,005 

4,029 
4,053 

4,077 
4,101 

4, 128 
4,155 

4,179 
4,203 

4,227 
4,254 

4,281 
4,305 

4,  .329 
4, 353 

5, 176 
5, 208 

5, 240 
5, 272 

5, 308 
5,340 

5, 372 

5, 404 

5,436 
5, 468 

5,504 
5,540 

.5,572 
5,604 

5,636 

5, 672 

5, 70.S 
5,740 

5,772 
5, 804 

6,470 
6,510 

6, 550 
6, 590 

0,635 
0,075 

6,715 
6,755 

6,795 
6,835 

6,880 
6,925 

0,  905 
7,005 

7,045 
7,090 

7, 135 
7,175 

7,215 
7,  255 

10,352 
10,416 

10,480 
10, 544 

10, 616 

10,  080 

10,  744 

10, 808 

10,872 
10, 930 

11,008 

11,  080 

11,144 

11,208 

11,272 
11,344 

11,410 
11,480 

11,544 
11,008 

11,646 
11, 718 

11,790 
11,862 

11, 943 
12, 015 

12,087 
12, 159 

12,231 
12,303 

12,384 
12,465 

12,537 
12, 009 

12,681 
12,762 

12, 843 
12,915 

12, 987 
13, 059 

90.0 
90.5 

91.0 
91.5 

92.0 
92.5 

93.0 
93.5 

94.0 
94.5 

95.0 
95.5 

90.0 
96.5 

97.0 
97.5 

98.0 
98.5 

99.0 

1,460 
1,468 

1,477 
1,486 

1,495 
1,504 

'  1,513 
1,522 

1,531 
1,540 

1,549 
]  1,559 

1,569 
i  1,579 

1,589 
1,599 

1,609 
1,619 

1,629 

2, 920 
2,936 

2, 954 

2,972 

2, 990 
3,008 

3, 026 
3,044 

3,062 

3,080 

3,098 
3,118 

3,138 
3, 158 

3,178 
3,198 

3,218 
3, 238 

3,258 

4,380 
4,404 

4,431 
4,45S 

4, 485 
4,512 

4,. 539 
4,566 

4,593 
4,620 

4,647 
4,677 

i  4,707 
4,'737 

4,767 
4,797 

4,827 
,  4,857 

'  4,887 

5, 840 
5, 872 

5, 908 
5,  944 

5, 980 
6, 016 

6, 052 
0, 088 

6, 124 

0, 100 

6, 196 
6, 236 

6, 276 
6, 316 

6, 356 
6,396 

6,436 
6,476 

6,516 

7,300 
7,340 

'  7,385 
7,430 

7,475 
!  7,.S20 

7,565 
7,610 

i  7, 655 
!  7,700 

7,745 
7,795 

7,845 
7,895 

7,945 
7,995 

.s,045 
8,095 

8,145 

8,760 
8,808 

8,862 
8,916 

1  8,970 
9,024 

■   9,078 
1  9,132 

9,186 
9,240 

i  9,294 
i  9,354 

9,414 
1  9,474 

1  9,534 
9,594 

9,  654 
9,714 

9,774 

10, 220 
10, 270 

10,339 
10, 402 

10, 465 
10,528 

10, 591 
10, 054 

i  10,717 
10,780 

i  10,843 
10,913 

10,983 
11,053 

'  11,123 
i  11,  US 

11, 203 
11, 333 

11,403 

1 1 ,  (iso 

11,744 

11,810 

11,888 

11,900 
IJ.  C32 

12,104 
12,170 

12, 248 
12, 320 

12, 392 
12,472 

12, 552 
12, 632 

12, 712 

12,  792 

12, 872 
12, 952 

13, 032 

13,140 
13,212 

13, 293 
13, 374 

13,455 
13,536 

13, 617 
13, 698 

13, 779 

13,860 

13, 941 
14, 031 

14, 121 
14,211 

!  14,301 
14,391 

14, 481 
14,  571 

14,  001 

36 


liifitriictluiLS  to  Field  JPartles. 


Directions  for  estimating  soluble  salts  in  soils. — Take  a  known 
volume  (or  weight)  of  saturated  soil,  wash  into  a  250 cc.  tiask  and 
nil  to  the  mark  with  distilled  water,  and  filter  if  necessary.  Take 
50  cc.  of  the  solution  and  titrate  with  N/20  acid  potassium  sul- 
phate, containing  6.758  grams  per  liter,  using  phenolpthalein  as 
an  indicator.  This  will  represent  the  carbonates.  Then  add  a 
drop  or  so  of  methyl  orange  or  congo  red  and  again  titrate  with 
N/20  acid  potassium  sulphate.  Subtract  an  amount  equal  to  the 
first  titration  from  the  second,  and  the  difference  represents  the 
bicarbonates.  Add  a  few  drops  of  potassium  chromate  as  an 
indicator  to  the  same  solution  and  titrate  with  X/10  silver  nitrate. 
This  will  represent  the  chlorides.  The  salts  are  all  to  be  estimated 
as  sodium  salts,  as  follows: 

1  cc.  N/20  HKSO4  is  equivalent  to  0.005266  gram  Na-jCO^. 
1  cc.  N/20  HKSO4  is  equivalent  to  0.004172  gram  NaHCOo. 
1  cc.  N/IO  AgNOs  is  equi^^lent  to  0.005806  gram  NaCl. 

In  areas  where  the  amount  and  distribution  of  sodium  carbonate 
warrant  it,  construct  the  sodium  carbonate  map  in  the  field  from 
the  volume  of  solution  used.  Limiting  values  will  be  0.3,  0.2,  0.1, 
and  0.05  per  cent  of  dry  soil.  The  limiting  values  for  each  vessel 
are  found  in  the  following  way:  Multiply  the  volume  of  saturated 
soil,  represented  by  the  solution  taken  for  titration,  by  the  num- 
bers in  the  following  table: 


Na.jCOa  in 
soil. 

s.  and  ssc. 

sc. 

sec. 

c.  and  he. 

Per  cent. 

0.30 

0.832 

0.752 

0. 720 

0.  089 

.20 

.554 

.502 

.480 

.459 

.10 

.277 

'.251 

.240 

.230 

.05 

.138 

.125 

.120 

.115 

3Ia2^2^ing  Soils  and  Alkali 


37 


These  results  so  obtained  are  the  cubic  centimeters  of  N/10  sohi- 
tion  of  sodium  carbonate  corresponding  to  the  hmiting  vahies,  to 


be  inserted  in  the  following  table: 


NaoCOsin 
soil. 

s.  andsso. 

sc. 

sec. 

c.  and  he. 

Per  cent. 

0.30 

.20 

.10 

.05 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

If  it  is  desired  to  reduce  the  volume  of  X;  10  AgNO^  to  per  cent 
of  NaCl  in  dry  soil,  the  following  formula  may  be  used: 

Y  0.005806 

Substituting  0.004172  for  0.005806,  the  same  formula  may  be  used 
to  reduce  the  volume  of  N/20  HKSO^  to  per  cent  of  NaHCOs- 
Y=cubic  centimeters  N/IO  AgXOg  or  N/20  HKSOi  solution  used; 
Y^= volume  saturated  soil  represented  in  amount  of  solution 
titrated;  K=constant  for  type  of  soil  as  follows: 

s.  and  ssc.=1.46;  sc.=1.32;  sec.  =1.26;  c.  and  he.  =1.21. 

Construction  of  alkali  maps. — The  directions  for  n>apping  alkali 
soils  in  the  field,  just  given,  which  are  also  to  be  found  in  the  front 
of  the  Alkali  Field  Book,  will  enable  you  to  determine  the  per- 
centage of  alkali  in  any  sample  of  soil.  It  has  been  the  practice 
of  this  Bureau  to  prepare  maps  showing  the  percentage  of  alkali 
in  the  surface  6  feet  of  soil.  This  has  generally  been  considered 
to  be  a  mathematical  average  of  the  salt  content  of  the  6  feet;  but 
in  nearly  all  cases  the  judgment  cf  the  person  in  charge  of  the 
work  as  to  the  actual  crop  value  of  the  soil  on  the  basis  of  alfalfa 
has  entered  into  the  construction  of  the  maps. 

To  do  away  as  much. as  possible  with  this  element  of  judgment 
and  to  place  the  construction  of  the  maps  entirely  upon  a  percent- 
age basis — that  they  may  be  of  equal  value  when  any  crop  is  con- 
sidered— and  to  permit  the  strict  comparison  of  the  work  done  by 
different  men,  the  following  plan  is  to  be  adopted: 

The  percentage  of  alkali  salts  in  each  foot  of  land  to  a  depth  of 


38  Instructions  to  Field  P<ii'tie><. 

6  feet  will  be  determined  according  to  the  directions  in  the  front 
of  the  Alkali  Field  Book.  In  many  cases,  after  the  observer 
becomes  familiar  with  the  soils  of  a  locality,  the  field  work  may 
be  very  much  shortened  by  making  the  alkali  determinations  in 
alternate  foot  sections  or  by  mixing  2  or  more  feet  for  one  salt 
determination. 

The  percentage  of  alkali,  as  indicated  by  the  various  colors 
upon  the  alkali  map,  is  to  be  a  mathematical  average  of  the  alkali 
in  the  foot  sections.  In  case  there  should  be  a  marked  accuivm- 
lation  of  the  alkali  at  any  one  part  of  the  vertical  flection,  such  an 
the  surface  of  the  ground  or  in  an  alkali  hardpan,  the  judgment 
of  the  observer  is  to  decide  whether  the  strict  mathematical  aver- 
age should  be  followed  or  whether  the  soil  is  to  be  mapped  as  of 
the  next  higher  grade  of  alkali  content.  If  these  areas,  where 
there  is  a  zone  of  accumulation  of  the  alkali  such  as  an  accumula- 
tion at  the  surface,  are  of  considerable  extent,  they  are  to  be 
indicated  upon  the  field  map  by  special  rulings  in  lead  pencil, 
and  when  the  field  maps  ai-e  published,  the  rulings  will  be  de- 
scribed in  the  legend  of  the  map.  Thus,  if  a  soil  contain  on  an 
average  0.2  per  cent  of  alkali,  but  has  an  accumulation  of  0.5 
per  cent  of  alkali  on  the  surface,  this  soil  should  be  colored  to 
show  0.2  per  cent  alkali,  and  the  fact  that  there  is  a  surface  accu- 
mulation should  be  indicated  by  black  rulings  across  the  area 
affected.  If  the  accumulation  is  below  the  surface  foot  another 
kind  of  ruling  can  be  used  to  indicate  that  fact.  Appropriate  let- 
tering upon  the  maps  will  render  these  rulings  intelligible. 

Determination  of  salts  in  water. — Fill  the  electrolytic  cell  with 
water  and  take  the  resistance.  Take  the  temperature  with  an 
ordinary  thermometer,  and  reduce  to  60°  F.  by  use  of  the  tables 
o\\  pages  33,  34,  and  35.  The  salt  content  corresponding  to  this 
resistance  may  be  found  from  the  following  table,  compiled  by 
!Mr.  Seidell  from  a  large  number  of  laboratory  determinations. 
The  curve  varies  with  the  character  of  salts  present.  Where  no 
carbonates  are  present  in  the  water,  the  figures  in  the  colunm 
marked  "Chlorides"  should  be  used.  Where  the  percentage  of 
carbonates  is  high  (more  than  50  per  cent  from  a  preliminary 
estimate  of  the  total  salt  content),  the  figures  in  the  column 
marked  "Car})onates"  should  be  used.  For  intermediate  per- 
centages of  carl)onates  a  corresponding  intermediate  value  be- 
tween those  given  in  the  two  columns  should  be  used. 


Mapping  Soils  and  Alkali.  39 

Table  for  determ  in  hig  total  mlt  content  of  irafer  from  resistance  at  60°  F. 


Resist- 
ance 
60°  F. 

Chlo- 
rides. 

Car- 
bon- 
ates. 

Resist- 
ance 
60°  F. 

Chlo- 
rides. 

Car-    1 

bon- 

ates. 

Resist- 
ance 
60°  F. 

Chlo- 
rides. 

Car- 
bon- 
ates. 

30 

750 

140 

141 

200 

340 

50 

71 

35 

670 

150 

132 

187 

360 

47 

65 

40 

595 

160 

124 

176 

380 

44 

60 

45 

525 

170 

116 

165 

400 

41 

55 

50 

460 

460 

180 

109 

154 

4.50 

35 

46 

55 

400 

425 

190 

102 

144 

500 

31 

38 

60 

355 

395 

200 

96 

138 

550 

28 

32 

65 

305 

375 

210 

91 

130 

600 

25 

27 

70 

265 

355 

220 

87 

122 

700 

22 

23 

75 

230 

335 

230 

83 

116    ! 

800 

20 

80 

213 

320 

240 

79 

lie 

900 

19 

85 

203 

306 

2.50 

75 

105 

1,000 

18 

90 

195 

294 

260 

71 

lUO 

1,200 

1 

7 

95 

188 

284 

270 

68 

95 

1,400 

16 

100 

181 

262 

280 

65 

90 

1,600 

16 

110 

170 

250 

290 

62 

86     ' 

1,800 

1 

.5 

120 

160 

231     1 

300 

59 

83 

2,000 

1 

5 

130 

150 

213 

320 

54 

77 

1 

When  samples  of  water  are  examined  in  the  field  l)y  the  chem- 
ical methods  described  on  the  preceding  page,  the  following  table 
will  assist  in  the  calculation  of  parts  per  100,000  of  NaoCOg, 
NaHCOg,  and  XaCl.     Fifty  cubic  centimeters  of  water  should  be 


used  in  making  the  titrations. 


Cc.  N  20  KHSO4 
or  N/20  AgNOg. 

Parts  per  100,000  of 

water. 

Na.2C03. 

NaHCOg. 

NaCl. 

1 

10.53 
21.06 
31.60 
42.13 
52.66 
63.19 
73. 72 
84.26 
94.79 

8.34 
16.69 
2.5.03 
33.38 
41.72 
.50.  06 
58,41 
66.75 
75,10 

11,61 
23.22 
34.84 
46.45 
58. 06 
69.67 
81.28 
92,89 
104. 51 

0 

3 

4 .-... 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

40  L)structio)is  tn  Fidd  Parties. 

The  electrolytic  cells  are  made  as  nearly  of  the  same  dimensions 
as  possible,  but  if  there  is  much  variation  in  either  volume  or 
shape  this  table  must  not  be  used  without  a  correction  for  the  cell. 

If  greater  accuracy  is  desired  than  can  be  expected  by  the  use 
of  the  above  table,  proceed  in  the  following  way: 

Collect  6  or  8  samples  of  water  from  different  parts  of  the  area; 
determine  the  electrical  resistance  of  each,  and  take  an  amount  of 
each  proi^ortional  to  the  resistance,  mixing  them  in  a  clean  vessel. 
There  should  be  at  least  2  quarts,  and  preferably  1  gallon,  of  this 
mixture.  Evaporate  slowly  on  a  stove  until  the  mixture  is  aliout 
as  strong  as  the  strongest  water  likely  to  be  encountered.  If  there 
is  any  possibility  of  encountering  water  as  strong  as  a  1  per  cent 
solution — that  is,  1,000  j^arts  of  salts  in  100,000  parts  of  water — the 
mixture  should  be  evaporated  until  it  gives  a  resistance  in  the  cell 
of  about  23  ohms.  The  amount  of  this  evaporation  can  be  deter- 
mined by  the  original  resistance  of  the  mixture.  If  the  resistance 
of  the  mixture  is-100  ohms,  it  should  be  evaporated  to  one-fourth 
its  volume  to  make  approximately  a  1  per  cent  solution.  If  the 
resistance  is  400  ohms,  the  solution  should  be  evaporated  to  one 
twenty-third  of  its  original  volume.  Water  having  a  resistance 
of  400  ohms  would  have  a  salt  content,  according  to  the  above 
table,  of  about  44  in  100,000,  and  would  be  considered  an  excellent 
water  for  irrigation  purposes.  It  would  require  3  gallons  of  such 
water,  evaporated  to  1  pint,  to  make  a  1  per  cent  solution. 

To  determine  the  actual  per  cent  of  salt  in  this  solution,  after 
finding  the  resistance  in  a  cell,  evaporate  in  a  weighed  vessel — such 
as  a  tin  cup  or  a  tin  can — a  separate,  weighed  amoimt  of  the  water. 
Weigh  the  vessel  again  after  the  evaporation,  and  this  will  give 
the  amount  of  residue  in  a  known  weight  of  water.  The  weighing 
should  be  carefuly  done  on  reliablfe  druggists'  scales. 

Take  the  concentrated  solution  and  dilute  with  successive  quan- 
tities of  distilled  Avater,  so  as  to  change  the  concentration  of  the 
solution  and  get  the  corresponding  resistances  in  the  cell.  Use,  for 
example,  9  j)arts  of  the  solution  and  1  part  distilled  water,  then  8 
parts  of  the  solution  and  2  parts  of  distilled  water,  and  so  on 
down  to  any  dilution  likely  to  ])e  encountered.  This  will  give  the 
resistance  corresponding  very  exactly  with  known  amounts  of  salt, 
and  will  furnish  a  table  for  the  estimation  of  the  salt  content  from 
the  resistance  of  anv  water  in  the  area. 


Mcipping  Soils  and  Alkali.  41 

The  table  constructed  from  this  data  can  l)e  used  directly  by 
interpolation,  or  preferably  a  curve  should  be  constructed  and  any 
intermediate  points  picked  out  from  this. 

Form  of  a  soil  survey  report. — Owing  to  the  large  amount  of  data 
being  collected  by  the  soil-survey  parties,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
confine  the  report  from  each  party  to  about  50  typewritten  pages 
of  250  words  each,  or  25  printed  pages  of  500  words  each  for  the 
Western  Division  and  to  about  15  or  20  printed  pages  for  the 
Eastern  Division.  The  material  for  the  report  should  be  collected 
and  written  up,  so  far  as  possible,  before  the  party  leaves  the  field. 

An  outline  of  the  chapters  is  given  as  a  guide  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  report,  and  should  be  followed  as  closely  as  circumstances 
will  permit.  The  number  of  words  to  be  given  in  each  chapter 
will  be  a  guide  in  the  preparation  of  the  material  and  is  given  as 
the  result  of  experience  in  former  reports.  It  is  understood  of 
course  that  the  headings  will  necessarily  have  to  be  changed 
somewhat  in  different  districts,  and  the  relative  importance  of  the 
different  chapters  will  vary  with  the  locality.  This  is  intended, 
therefore,  simply  as  a  guide  in  the  preparation  of  the  reports,  and 
the  number  of  words  should  be  taken  as  the  maximum  to  be  used 
except  in  the  case  of  matters  of  special  importance,  which  may 
need  fuller  treatment. 

The  matter  should  be  presented  in  a  terse  style,  and  no  more 
words  used  than  are  absolutely  necessary  to  convey  the  meaning, 
being  careful,  however,  to  treat  each  subject  so  that  all  important 
phases  may  be  brought  out  and  clearly  stated.  In  order  to  attain 
this,  the  different  chapters  should  be  revised  several  times  if  neces- 
sary, so  that  all  important  matters  may  be  considered  and  all 
unnecessarv  words  eliminated.  A  careful  consideration  of  this 
matter  of  style  in  writing  is  enjoined  upon  all  members  of  the 
division  charged  with  the  preparation  of  reports. 

Outline  of  soil  survey  report. — The  outline  of  chapters  referred 
to  is  as  follows: 

I.  Location  and  Boundaries  of  the  Area  (100  words). 
II.  History  of  Settlement  and  Agricultural  Development  (500  words). 
Date  or  dates  of  county  organization. 
Principal  source  of  population. 
Agricultural  development. 
III.  Climate. 


42  Instructions  to  Field  Parties. 

IV.  Physiography  and  Geology  (500  words). « 
V.  Soils  (500  words  to  each  type).'' 

Name,  description,  depth,  and  color  of  soil  and  subsoil.'' 
Location  of  soil  in  area. 
Topographic  features. 
Drainage  features. 

Origin  of  soil  and  processes  of  formation. 
Mineral  or  chemical  features.    Alkali  salts. 
Unusual  or  characteristic  crops  to  which  adapted. 
Crops  grown  and  average  yields. 
YI.  Special  Soil  Problems,  such  as  Hardpan,  Acid  Soils,  Reclamation  of 

Swamp  and  Worn-out  lands  (100  words). 
YII.  Water  Supply  for  Irrigation,  Amount  and  Character  (250  words). 
VIII.  Underground  and  Seepage  Waters,  Drainage  of  Soils  (250  words). 
IX.  Alkali  in  Soils  (1,000  words). h 
Location  of  alkali  areas. 
Origin  of  alkali. 

Chemical  composition  of  alkali. 
Distribution  in  soil. 
Reclamation  of  alkali  lands. 
X.  Agricultural  Methods  in  Use  as  Adapted  to  the  Soils  and  Conditions  of 

the  Area. 
XL  Agricultural  Conditions  in  the  Area  (1,500  words). & 
General  prosperity  of  farming  class. 
Tenure  of  farms. 
General  size  of  farms, 
(character  of  labor. 
Character  of  principal  products. 
Recognition  of  adaptation  of  soili;  to  crops. 
,  Transportation  facilities. 
Markets. 

a  The  physiography  should  be  described  in  some  detail;  the  geology  should 
be  briefly  treated,  only  those  features  having  a  direct  or  important  bearing  on 
the  soils  being  considered.  Authorities  for  statements  made  sliould  be  cited 
whenever  possible. 

/'In  j)reparing  Chapters  V,  IX,  and  XI  write  in  the  subtopics  and  discuss 
each  in  tlie  order  given.  This  will  aid  in  securing  uniformity  in  the  report.s, 
and  prevent  the  omission  of  matter  important  in  making  comparisons  of  the 
soils  and  conditions  in  different  areas. 

cThe  greatest  care  should  Ik-  taken  to  make  the  descriptions  of  the  soils, 
while  full  enough  to  be  clear,  concise  and  explicit. 


REFERENCES   TO    SOIL    SURVEY   REPORTS. 


Following  the  description  of  the  type  is  a  list  of  locations  in  which  the  soil 
has  been  mapped.  For  convenience  in  referring  to  the  original  description  of 
the  soil,  an  alphabetical  list  «>f  all  areas  surveyed  by  the  Bureau  is  here  given, 
with  a  reference  showing  the  number  of  the  volume  and  the  page  where  the 
description  occurs.  The  volume  reference  is  to  the  different  reports  of  Field 
Operations,  Bureau  of  Soils. 


Abbeville,  S.  C,  4,  p.  273. 
Acadia,  La.,  5,  p.  — . 
Alamance  County,  N.  C,  3,  p.  297. 
Albemarle,  Va.,  4,  p.  18/, 
Allegan  County,  Mich..  3,  p.  93. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce.  P.  R..  4,  p.  793. 
Asheville,  N.  C.  o,  p.  — . 
Ashtabula,  Ohio,  5,  p.  — . 

Baker  City.  Oreg.,  5,  p.  — . 
Bedford,  Va.,  3,  p.  239. 
Bigflats,  N.  Y.,  4,  p.  125. 
Billings,  Mont.,  4,  p.  665.' 
Blackfoot,  Idaho,  5,  p.  — . 
Boise,  Idaho,  3,  p.  421. 
Brazoria,  Tex.,  4,  p.  349. 
Brookings,  S.  Dak.,  5,  p.  — . 

Calvert  County,  Md.,  2,  p.  147. 
Campobello,  S.  C,  5,  p.  — . 
Cary,  N.  C,  3,  p.  311. 
Cecil  County,  Md.,  2,  p.  103. 
Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa,  5,  p.  — . 
Clay  County,  111.,  4,  p.  507. 
Clinton  County,  111.,  4,  p.  491. 
Cobb  County,  Ga.,  3,  p.  317. 
Columbus,  Ohio.  4.  p.  403. 

Connecticut   Valley,    Conn. -Mass.,  5, 

p.  — . 
Covington,  Ga.,  3,  p.  329. 
Craven,  N.  C,  o,  p.  — . 

Darlington,  S.  C,  4,  p.  291. 
Davidson  County,  Tenn.,  5,  p.  — . 
Dover,  Del.,  5,  p.  — . 
Dubuque,  Iowa,  4,  p.  571. 

Fargo,  N.  Dak.,  a,  p.  — . 
Fort  Payne,  Ala.,  5,  p.  — . 
Fort  Valley,  Ga.,  5,  p.  — . 
Fresno,  Cal.,  2,  p.  333. 

Gadsden  County,  Fla.,  5,  p.  — . 
Grand  Forks,  X.  Dak.,  4,  p.  643. 
Grand  Island,  Nebr.,  5,  p.  — . 


Hanford,  Cal.,  3,  p.  447. 
Harford  County,  Md.,  3,  p.  211. 
Hickory,  X.  C,  4,  p.  239. 
Howell  County,  Mo.,  4,  p.  593. 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  o,  p.  — . 


Imperial,  Cal.,  o, 
Indio,  Cal.,  5,  p. 


p.  — . 


Jacksonville,  Tex.,  5,  p.  — . 
Jamestown,  X.  Dak.,  5,  p.  — . 
Janesville,  Wis.,  4,  p.  549. 
Johnson  County,  111.,  5.  p.  — . 

Kent  County,  Md.,  2,  p.  173. 
Knox  County,  111.,  5,  p.  — . 

Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  2,  p.  61. 

Lake  Charles,  La.,  3,  p.  621. 

Laramie,  Wyo.,  5,  p.  — . 

Lebanon,  Pa.,  3,  p.  149. 

Leesburg,  Va..  5,  p.  — . 

Lewiston,  Idaho,  4,  p.  6S9. 

Lockhaven,  Pa.,  5,  p.  — . 

Long  Island,  X.  Y.,  5,  p.  — . 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  5,  p.  — . 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo.,  4,  p.  729. 

Lufkin,  Tex.,  5,  p.  — . 

Lyons,  X.  Y.,  4,  p.  143. 

McLean  County,  111.,  5,  p.  — . 
McXeill,  Miss.,  5,  p.  — . 
Madison  County,  Ind.,  5,  p.  — . 
Marshall,  Minn.,  5,  p.  — . 
Mason  County,  Ky.,  5,  p.  — . 
Miller  County,  Ark.,  5,  p.  — . 
Mobile,  Ala.,  5,  p.  — . 
Mount  Mitchell,  X.  C,  4,  p.  259. 
Montgomery  County,  Ohio,  2,  p.  85. 
Montgomery  County,  Tenn..  3.  p.  341. 

Xacogdoches,  Tex..  5,  p.  — . 
Xew  Orleans,  La.,  5.  p.  — . 
Norfolk,  Va.,  5,  p.  — . 

43 


44       Loose  Incoherent  Sands  and  Rock  Outcrop. 


Ouachita,  La.,  6,  p.  — . 

Paris,  Tex.,  5,  p.  — . 
Parsons,  Kans.,  5,  p.  — . 
Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex.,  1,  p.  36. 
Perry  County,  Ala.,  4,  p.  309. 
Pikeville,  Tenn.,  5,  p.  — . 
Pontiac,  Mich.,  5,  p.  — . 
Posey  County,  Ind.,  4,  p.  441. 
Prince  Edward,  Va.,  3,  p.  259. 
Prince  George  County,  Md.,  3,  p.  173. 
Provo,  Utah,  5,  p.  — . 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,N.  C,  2,  p.  187. 
Russell,  Kans.,  5,  p.  — . 

St.  Clair  County,  111.,  4,  p.  507. 
St.  Mary  County,  Md.,  2,  p.  125. 
Salem,  N.  J.,  3,  p.  125. 
Salem,  Oreg.,  5,  p.  — . 
Salinas  Valley,  Cal.,  3,  p.  481. 
Salt  Lake  Valley,  Utah,  1,  p.  77. 
Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz.,  2,  p.  287. 
Sangamon  County,  111.,  6,  p.  — . 
San  Gabriel,  Cal.,  3,  p.  559. 
San  Jose,  Cal.,  o,  p.  — . 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo.,  5,  p.  — . 
Santa  Ana,  Cal.,  2,  p.  385. 
Scott  County,  Ky.,  5,  j).  — . 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah,  2,  p.  243. 


Shelby  County,  Mo.,  5,  p.  — . 
Smedes,  Miss.,  4,  p.  325. 
Solomonsville,  Ariz.,  5,  \\.  — . 
Stanton,  Xebr.,  5,  p.  — . 
Statesville,  N.  C,  3,  p.  273. 
Story  County,  Iowa,  5,  p.  — . 
Stuttgart,  Ark.,  4,  p.  611. 
Syracuse,  K.  Y.,  5,  p.  — . 

Toledo,  Ohio,  4,  p.  383. 
Tazewell  County,  111.,  4,  p.  465. 
Trenton,  X.  J.,  4,  p.  163. 

Union  County,  Ky.,  4,  p.  425. 

Ventura,  Cal.,  3,  p.  521. 
Vernon,  Tex.,  4,  p.  365. 
Viroqua,  Wis.,  5,  p.  — . 

Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  4,  p.  711, 
Weber  County,  Utah,  2,  p.  207. 
Westfield,  X.  Y.,  3,  p.  75. 
Wichita,  Kans.,  4,  p.  623. 
Willis,  Tex.,  3,  p.  007. 
Winnebago  County,  111.,  5,  \\.  — 
Woodville,  Tex.,  5,  p.  — . 
Worcester  County, *Md.,  5,  p.  — . 

Yazoo,  Miss.,  3,  p.  359. 
Yakima,  Wash.,  3,  p.  389. 
Yuma,  Ariz.,  4,  j).  777. 


SOIL.  TYPES  RECOGNIZED  BY  THE  BUREAU  OF 

SOILS. 


[For  convenience  in  comparing  soils  the  mechanical  analyses  have  been  re- 
calculated and  averaged  and  given  in  four  grades,  as  follows: 

1  2  3  4 

Fine  gravel.  Fine  sand.  Silt.  Clay. 

Coarse  sand.  Very  fine  sand. 
Medium  sand. 

The  number  in  j)arentheses  immediately  following  ".soil"  and  "subsoil"  in- 
dicate the  number  of  samples  from  which  the  average  has  l)een  derived.] 

LOOSK  I\(  OHEKE.VT  SAM»S  AM)  K<K  K  OlTdtOP. 

There  are  certain  soils  and  rock  exposiireH  which  do  not  readily 
fall  into  any  general  classification,  and  which  by  excessive  local 
action  of  wind  or  water  are  liable  to  occur  in  any  areas  or  in  any 
group  of  soils  and  to  W  formed  of  any  kind  of  material.     They 


Loose  Incoherent  Sands  and  Mock  Outcrop,       45 

are  by  reason  of  their  texture  or  present  physiographic  position 
usually  unproductive.  These  have  been  embraced  under  the  fol- 
lowing types: 

Dunesand. — Consists  of  loose,  incoherent  sand  of  medium  to  fine 
grades  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more,  and  often  extending  to  a  depth 
of  100  feet.  Occupies  hillocks,  rounded  hills,  or  ridges  from  2  to 
200  feet  in  height.  Found  along  shores  of  lakes,  rivers,  or  oceans 
and  in  deserts.  Usually  of  no  agricultural  value  on  account  of  the 
irregular  surface,  the  loose  open  nature  of  the  material,  the  small 
water-holding  power,  and  the  unstable  and  drifting  nature  of  the 
soil.  In  arid  regions,  when  leveled  and  under  irrigation,  it  is  often 
very  productive,  especially  for  small  fruits  and  vegetables.  The 
encroachment  of  these  sands  on  cultivated  fields,  orchards,  cran- 
berry bogs,  and  even  upon  houses,  towns,  and  harbors  is  often  a 
serious  problem,  and  much  experimentation  and  labor  lias  at  times 
been  expended  in  binding  them  with  grasses  and  trees  to  prevent 
their  shifting. 

12         3       4 

Soil  (2)  2.5        71        2        2 

Subsoil  (1) 13        83        1        1 


Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich 3, 130 

Imperial,  Cal 116, 288 

Indio,  Cal 8, 256 


Acres. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 3, 261 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo . .      3, 328 
Ventura,  Cal 2, 020 


Sandhill. — Coarse,  loose,  incoherent  sand,  10  feet  or  more  in 
depth.  Occurs  in  hills  from  20  to  200  feet  or  more  in  height, 
either  as  long,  narrow  ranges  or  frequently  as  isolated  hills, 
representing  old  shore  lines  of  the  ocean  or  formed  by  river 
action  and  wind.  Soil  generally  more  stable  than  the  Dunesand. 
Material  is  generally  so  loose  and  incoherent  and  so  thoroughly 
drained  that  it  has  little  agricultural  value.  In  humid  regions  it 
supports  a  growth  of  stunted  oak  and  pine.  In  the  arid  regions 
there  is  some  little  pasturage.  Occasionally  valleys  or  low  places 
produce  fair  crops  of  vegetables.  Peaches  are  grown  to  a  slight 
extent,  but  this  type  generally  is  unproductive. 

1 

Soil  (3) 55 

Subsoil  (1) 66 

Acres. 

Darlington,  S.  C 30, 656 

Ealeigh  to  Newbern,  X.  C 5, 320 


2 

3 

4 

36 

5 

2 

27 

3 

4 

46        Loose  Incolierent  Sands  (lud  Rod'  (Jnfvi'np. 

Riverwash. — Coarse  sand,  gravel,  and  bowlders  orenerally  in  long, 
narrow  areas,  but  occasionaliy  spread  out  in  fan-shaped  areas. 
Subject  to  overflow  in  times  of  flood,  occupying  bottoms  of  flood 
channels  of  rivers.  Liable  to  be  encountered,  particularly  in  the 
far  West,  Avhere  torrential  rains  occur  and  rivers  vary  greatly  in 
volume  and  quickly  subside,  giving  little  chance  for  fine  material 
to  be  deposited.     No  agricultural  value. 

Acres.  Acres. 

Blackfoot,  Idaho 1,792     San  Gabriel,  Cal 16,230 

Fresno,  Cal 480     San  Jose,  Cal 128 

.TamestOAvn,  X.  Dak 17,408  !  Sevier  Valley,  Utali "3,200 

Laramie,  Wyo 1,  792     Solomonsville,  Ariz 256 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 1, 664  |  Ventura,  Cal 13, 610 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo  . .  12, 800     Yakima,  Wash 3. 5^0 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Colo 10, 760  I 

Madeland. — Areas  are  occasionally  encountered  where  soils  have 

been  filled  in  over  considerable  tracts  in  mining  operations  and  in 

the  improvement  of  harbors.     Such  areas  do  not  fit  into  any  soil 

group,  and  yet  it  is  advisable  to  recognize  them  on  the  soil  map. 

They  are  of  no  present  agricultural  value. 

Acres. 
Syraeu.se,  N.  Y 576 

Rock  outcrop. — Areas  in  tlie  main  either  rock  outcrop  or  so  stony 
as  to  be  entirely  unfit  for  cultivation  and  incapable  of  being  put 
into  condition  for  cultivation.  In  this  respect  it  differs  from  stony 
areas,  which  can  be  improved  to  some  extent  for  agricultural 
I)urposes.     Rock-outcrop   areas,    h(^wever,   often  support  timber 


and  afford  some  grazing. 


Acres.  Acres. 


Ashcville,  N.  C 1,8.56 

Maker  City,  Oreg 192 

Bedford,  Va 17, 140 

(^ampobello,  S.  C 1,997 


Mount  Mitchell,  N.  C 5, 184 

Parsons,  Kans 2, 36s 

Pikeville.  Tenn 14, 016 


Rough,  stony  land. — Under  this  head  have  been  classed  areas  so 
stony  and  broken  as  to  be  of  little  agricuUural  value,  but  yet  not 
so  barren  as  Rock  outcrop  areas.  In  Johnson  County,  the  fii'st 
area  where  this  classification  has  been  followed,  the  areas  are 

"  I'art  mapped   as  Klsinore  sand  in  Sevier  Valley,  hut   tliis  name  will  not 
ajjain  he  used. 


Inland  Stvanvps  and  3fead(yws.  47 

usually  narrow  strips  winding   through  the  county  or  forming 

bluffs  along  streams.     This  land  is  used  solely  for  ])asture,  and 

very  little  of  it  can  ever  be  used  for  anything  else.     Supports  some 

forest  growth. 

Acres. 

Johnson  County,  JU Ki, 884 

INLAM)  SWAMPS  AM)  MEADOWS. 

Under  this  head  will  be  described  soils  of  a  miscellaneous  na- 
ture, occurring  along  streams  or  in  depressions,  and  inclined  to  be 
wet  from  insufficient  drainage ;  fresh- water  swamps  in  which  drain- 
age conditions  are  still  more  deficient  so  that  the  land  is  actually 
covered  with  water  for  much  of  the  time  through  an  actual  inabil- 
ity to  drain  itself  rather  than  from  the  flood  waters  of  rivers;  and 
peat  and  muck,  which  are  an  advanced  stage  of  swamp,  where 
drainage  is  partly  established  after  a  long  period  of  growth  of 
water-loving  vegetation.  This  classification  depends  mainly  upon 
the  drainage  conditions. 

Meadow. — This  term  is  used  for  low-lying,  flat,  usually  poorly 
drained  land  along  streams  and  embayments  and  in  depressions. 
Generally  adapted  to  grass  and  pasturage  and  used  for  general  farm- 
ing where  artificially  drained.  The  areas  being  usually  small  and 
narrow,  and  subject  to  frequent  overflow,  show  great  variation  in 
texture  and  character  of  material,  but  being  usually  moist  the 
influence  of  the  texture  is  not  so  apparent  as  in  upland  soils. 
The  similarity  of  crop  value  dependent  upon  moisture  conditions 
is  the  controlling  factor  in  this  classification. 

Acres.  Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 40, 640  ,  Cerro  Gordo,  Iowa 3,456 

Abbeville,  S.  C 6, 336  ,  Cobb  County,  Ga 30, 280 

Alamance,  N.  C 15, 970     Connecticut  Valley,  Connecti- 

Allegan  County,  Mich 15, 510        cut  and  Massachusetts ((55, 232 

Asheville,  N.  C 7. 808  ;  Covington,  Ga 16, 410 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 12,160     Dover,  Del 4,096 

Bedford,  Ya 3,530     Dubuque,  Iowa 4,160 

Bigflats,  X.Y 1,920     Fort  Valley,  Ga 4,800 

Calvert,  Md 1.5,800     Fresno,  Cal 5,478 

Campobello,  S.  C 8,691     Gadsden  County,  Fla 52,224 

Gary,  X.  C 3,180     Grand  Island,  Nebr 28,544 

n  Mapped  as  Connecticut  Meadows.  Should  proljably  have  been  given  a  type 
name,  as  it  is  an  alluvial  soil  rather  than  a  meadow  in  the  sense  in  which  This 
term  is  used. 


48 


Inland  Swamps  and  2Ieadows. 


Acres. 

Harford,  Md 4, 440 

Hickory,  X.  C 23, 872 

Huntsville,  Ala 42, 240 

Jacksonville,  Tex 2, 624 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 4, 992 

Janesvllle,  Wis 18, 112 

Kent  County,  :Md 49, 230 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 6, 000 

Lebanon,  Pa 4, 780 

Leesburg,  Ya 18, 048 

Lockhaven,  Pa 896 

Long  Island.  X.  Y 16, 768 

Lufkin,  Tex 4, 288 

Lyons,  N.  Y 35, 008 

McNeill,  Miss 6, 976 

Madison  County,  Ind 10, 816 

Marshall,  Minn 448 

Mason  County,  Ky 832 

Mobile,  Ala 78, 528 

Montgomery  County,  Ohio 7, 200 

Mount  Mitchell,  X.  C 6, 976 

Nacogdoches,  Tex -5, 056 

Ogden,  Utah 7, 700 


Acre.s. 

Ouachita,  La 13, 440 

Perry  County.  Ala 53, 696 

Pontiac,  Mich 4, 032 

Prince  Edward,  Ya 19, 830 

Prince  George,  Md 30, 870 

Pecos  Yalley,  X.  Mex a  7, 940 

Raleigh  to  Xewbern,  X.  C 6, 330 

St.  Mary  County,  Md 54, 200 

Salem,  X.J 52, 250 

Salt  Lake,  Utah ?>  6, 840 

Sevier  Yalley,  Utah 10, 2C0 

Shelby,  Mo 36, 416 

Smedes,  Miss 17, 408 

Statesville,  X.  C 18, 850 

Story  County,  Iowa 18, 048 

Trenton,  X.J 44,800 

Yiroqua,  Wis 7, 104 

Westfield,  X.  Y 4,990 

Willis,  Tex 1, 510 

Winnebago  County,  111 44, 800 

Woodville,  Tex 5, 568 

Yakima,  Wash 15,060 

Yazoo,  Miss 4, 760 


Swamp. — A  condition  of  soil  too  wet  for  any  crop,  covered  with 
standing  water  for  much  or  all  of  the  time.  Soil  varies  in  texture 
and  in  organic  content,  which,  however,  is  invariably  high. 
Occurs  in  flat  areas  with  deficient  underdrainage.  Native  growth, 
water-loving  grasses,  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Almost  invariably 
productive  when  drained  and  properly  cultivated.  Adapted  par- 
ticularly to  corn,  potatoes,  cabbages,  onions,  celery,  cranberries, 
or  peppermint,  according  to  the  locality. 


Acres. 

Acadia,  La 1 ,  728 

Billings,  Mont 3, 008 

Calvert  County,  Md 3, 600 

Craven,  N.  C 188, 288 

Connecticut  Valley,  Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts 25, 216 

Darlington,  County,  S.  C 14, 144 

Dover,  Del 3, 712 


Acres. 
Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo. .         640 

Miller  County,  Ark 2, 240 

Norfolk.  Ya 12, 928 

Pontiac,  Mich 704 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C f  77, 440 

St.  Mary  County,  Md 2, 200 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 12, 480 

Worcester  County,  Md 26, 048 


"  Mapped  as  Hondo  Meadows.    This  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 
'» Mapped  as  Jordan  Meadows.     This  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 
<-Part  of  tliis  mapped  a><  Pocoson  and  ]ii:rt  .'^avanna  in  tlie  original  report. 
These  names  will  not  V)t'  used  hen-jifter  t  >  designate  soil  types. 


Atlantic  cmd  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils.  49 

Peat. — Vegetable  matter  consisting  of  roots  and  fibers,  moss, 
etc. ,  in  various  stages  of  decomposition,  occurring  as  turf  or  bog, 
usually  in  low  situations,  always  more  or  less  saturated  with  water, 
representing  an  advanced  stage  of  swamp  with  drainage  partially 
established. 


Acres. 

Bigflats,  N.  Y 576 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 1, 088 


Acres. 

Santa  Ana,  Cal 787 

Tazewell  County,  111 1,664 


Muck. — Vegetable  mold,  more  or.  less  thoroughly  decomposed 
and -mixed  with  earth,  from  1  to  3  or  more  feet  deep,  occupying 
low,  damp  places;  May  be  considered  an  advanced  stage  of  peat, 
in  which  the  roots,  fiber,  and  moss  characteristic  of  peat  have  been 
so  far  decomposed  as  to  lose  their  original  structure.  When 
.drained  these  soils  are  exceedingly  productive  and  adapted  to 
corn,  potatoes,  cabbages,  onions,  celery,  peppermint,  and  similar 


crops. 

Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich 33, 770 

Baker  City,  Oreg. . . -. 12, 3.52 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa 12, 096 

Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak 6,  .592 

Janesville,  Wis 10, 368 

Lyons,  X.  Y 3, 840 


Acres. 

Madison  County,  Ind 1, 152 

New  Orleans,  La 21, 056 

Pontiac,  Mich 3,904 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C 623 

Syracuse,  N.  Y' 16, 960 

Winnebago  County,  111 2, 17(') 


ATLANTIC  AND  (JLLF  COASTAL  PLAINS  SOILS. 

The  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain,  one  of  the  important  physiographic 
provinces  of  the  eastern  United  States,  is  represented  by  a  narrow 
belt  bordering  the  Xew  England  coast,  widening  out  in  New  Jer- 
sey, the  line  of  contact  between  this  and  the  Piedmont  Plateau 
passing  through  Trenton,  Baltimore,  Washington,  Richmond, 
Raleigh,  Columbia,  Augusta,  and  Savannah,  meeting  the  Gulf 
Coastal  Plain,  which  extends  around  to  the  Mexican  Vjoundary 
line.  The  surface  is  that  of  a  more  or  less  dissected  plain  with 
large  tidal  estuaries,  particularly  in  Maryland  and  Virginia.  In 
these  two  States  the  uplands  reach  an  elevation  of  200  or  300  feet 
above  tide,  while  in  the  more  southern  localities  the  elevations 
rarely  exceed  the  former  figure  and  for  the  most  part  are  not  over 
60  or  75  feet.  Over  large  areas  in  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
and  Georgia  the  mean  fall  toward  the  ocean  is  hardly  more  than 
1  foot  to  the  mile.     In  such  level  areas  drainage  is  apt  to  be  defi- 

31896—04 i 


50  Atlaniic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

cient,  and  rain  water  remains  upon  the  surface  for  a  considerable 
time,  although  the  conditions  are  not  comparable  with  those  of  a 
true  swamp.  In  such  areas  the  soil,  although  it  may  be  composed 
largely  of  sand,  is  apt  to  be  very  compact,  deficient  in  organic 
matter,  and  generally  unproductive.  Nearer  the  coast  the  lands 
have  better  drainage,  are  looser  and  more  easily  cultivated,  and 
their  productivity  is  more  easily  maintained.  From  Virginia 
northward  the  surface  is  more  broken,  in  many  places  hilly,  and 
l)etter  drainage  is  thereby  provided. 

The  soils  have  been  derived  mainly  from  the  wash  from  the 
Piedmont  Plateau  and  the  mountains  bevond,  laid  down  under 
water,  the  surface  having  been  several  times  submerged  and  ele- 
vated. The  soils  are  for  the  most  part  composed  of  light  sands 
and  loams,  with  occasional  deposits  of  sandy  clays,  and  silt,  and 
very  local  surface  deposits  of  heavy  clays.  There  are  very  few 
soils  in  this  division  which  approach  in  texture  or  compare  in 
productiveness  or  crop  value  with  the  heavy  clays  of  the  Pied- 
mont Plateau  or  of  the  residual  limestone  valleys.  They  are, 
therefore,  not  as  well  adapted  to  general  farm  crops,  nor  can  they 
be  expected  to  give  as  satisfactory  yields  of  such  crops  as  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  or  hay;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  they  are  eminently 
adapted  to  the  production  of  early  vegetables,  the  lighter  farm 
crops,  particularly  fine  qualities  of  peaches  and  small  fruits,  and 
a  fine-textured  cotton,  together  with  rice  and  citrus  fruits  where 
the  climatic  and  drainage  conditions  are  suital)le. 

The  Gulf  Coastal  Plain  is  characterized  by  very  large  deposits 
of  silty  and  heavy  clay  soils,  although  the  coarse  sandy  soils  also 
occur  over  very  large  areas.  The  great  black  calcareous  prairies 
of  the  Gulf  Plain  and  the  vast  (nilf  coast  prairies  which  are  being 
so  extensively  developed  at  the  present  time  in  the  rice  and  sugar- 
cane industries  have  no  prototypes  in  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain. 
These  extensive  prairies  are  composed  of  very  heavy  clay  soils. 

Immediately  bordering  the  ocean  and  Gulf  coast  is  frequently 
found  a  stretch  of  tidal  marshes,  covered  with  water  at  every  tide, 
or  at  least  in  unusual  tides,  supporting  usually  a  growth  of  coarse 
salt  grass.  This  material  consists  of  sands,1oams,  and  clays  included 
under  the  Galveston  Series.  On  account  of  the  extreme  dithculty 
of  across  and  the  ]>resont  low  value  of  these  lands  the  soil  survey 


Galveston  Series.  51 

is  carried  on  in  them  with  less  detail  than  in  other  areas;  still, 
where  the  areas  are  large  and  have  not  been  subject  to  local 
stream  erosion  the  character  of  the  material  is  not  subject  to  very 
much  local  change.  The  agricultural  value  of  these  lands  is  very 
small,  depending  mainly  upon  the  j^asturage  afforded  and  the 
coarse  hay  that  can  with  difficulty  be  harvested;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  they  are  a  distinct  menace  to  health,  as  they  form 
the  breeding  place  of  disease-carrying  insects.  Efforts  have  been 
made  to  drain  such  soils  and  to  reclaim  these  marshes  with  great 
success,  the  possibilities  of  successful  reclamation,  however,  de- 
pending upon  the  engineering  problems  connected  with  the  keep- 
ing out  of  the  tides  and  the  efficient  subsequent  drainage  of  the 
land.  A  vast  amount  of  such  reclamation  work  has  been  done  in 
Holland,  and  some  important  though  relatively  small  areas  have 
been  reclaimed  in  the  United  States. 

Other  members  of  this  group  are  the  inland  swamps,  muck, 
and  meadow  areas. 

GALVESTON   SERIES. 

Galveston  sand. — Light  gray  to  white  sand,  12  inches  in  depth, 
containing  usually  a  large  percentage  of  fine  particles  of  shell. 
Subsoil  is  of  same  character  as  soil,  a  little  lighter  in  color,  and 
with  larger  shell  fragments.  Occurs  as  a  narrow  ridge  along 
coasts,  the  texture  being  due  to  wave  action.  Generally  unpro- 
ductive and  nonagricultural. 

12         3       4 

Soil  (2) 31        69        0        0 

Subsoil  (2) 30        71        0        0 


Acres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 1, 152 

Dover,  Del 64 

Long  Island.  X.  Y 12,  224 


Acres. 
Norfolk,  Va a  10,  752 

Worcester  Countv,  Md 8. 064 


Galveston  sandy  loam. — Surface  mass  of  sandy  loam  and  eel-grass 
turf  a])out  12  inches  deep,  underlain  Ijy  gravelly  sandy  loam. 
Occupies  shore  lines  and  barrier  beaches,  and  owes  its  origin  to 
wind-blown  sand,  mixed  with  the  finer  materials  of  the  coastal  flats. 
Where  diked  and  drained,  makes  a  productive  soil  much  lighter 

a  This  includes  some  Dunesand,  but  the  whole  area  is  of  so  little  agricultural 
importance  that  the  two  types  were  not  separated. 


52  Atlantic  mid  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

and  easier  to  cultivate  than  the  Galveston  clay.  It  is  adapted  to 
the  same  crops  as  the  latter  soil,  and  on  account  of  the  easier  cul- 
tivation and  the  less  compact  nature  of  the  material  is  rather  more 
desirable  as  an  agricultural  soil.  Very  small  areas  have  been 
reclaimed  in  this  countrv. 


3 

29 


4 

18 


Soil(l) 28       2y 

Acres. 
Long  Island,  N.  Y 16, 448 

Galveston  clay. — Soil  varies  from  a  drab  or  yellow  to  black  clay 
and  rests  on  a  subsoil  of  still  heavier  clay.  Both  soil  and  subsoil 
usually  contain  calcareous  nodules.  Country  very  level,  flat. 
Drainage  poor,  representing  the  type  of  salt  marsh  extensively 
developed  along  the  sea  coasts.  Vegetation  almost  entirely  salt 
grass,  affording  a  rather  poor  pasturage.  Areas  require  to  be  diked 
and  drained  before  reclamation  is  possiljle,  and  when  so  reclaimed 
and  the  excess  of  salt  removed  they  make  exceedingly  productive 
soils,  especially  for  corn,  cabbage,  onions,  rice,  and  hay  crops. 


Soil  (10) 9 

Subsoil  (8) 8 


2 

3 

4 

20 

36 

35 

20 

38 

34 

Acres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 31, 168 

Dover,  Del 30, 784 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 36, 352 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 4, 800 


Acres. 

New  Orleans,  La 5, 504 

San  Jose,  Cal 26, 048 

Worcester  County,  Md 23, 936 


Norfolk;  series. 

This  series  consists  of  light-colored  sands  and  loams,  and  com- 
prises the  most  important  truck  soils  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
coasts. 

Norfolk  gravel." — Hills  and  narrow  bands  of  gravel.  The  soil  is 
gray  loam  about  12  inches  deep,  containing  30  to  60  per  cent  of 
rounded  white  quartz  gravel.  The  subsoil  varies,  but  is  usually 
clay  or  gravel  beds.  Formed  from  denudation  of  gravel  layers 
deposited  as  shallow- water  sediment  or  as  river  wash  or  delta.     It 


('Mapped  as  Su.siiuehanna  gravel.     Tliis  name,  however,  will  be  used  only  in 
Maryland  in  the  future. 


JS'orfolJi  Series. 


53 


is  a  poor,  unproductive  soil,  generally  occupying  slopes  and  should 
remain  in  forest. 


Acres. 

Calvert  County,  Md 3, 900 

Cecil  County,  Md 45, 600 

Harford  County,  Md 12, 930 

Kent  County,  Md 12, 490 

Long  Island,  New  York 3, 328 


Acres. 

Prince  George  County,  Md 41, 470 

Raleigh  to  Nevvbern.  N.  C 11, 410 

St.  Mary  County,  Md 7, 350 

Trenton,  N.J  192 


2 

3 

38 

25 

41 

31 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam. — Yellowish  or  gray  loam  4  to  8  inches 
deep,  underlain  usually  by  a  still  more  gravelly  material.  The 
gravel  is  usually  -small,  deposited  by  swiftly  flowing  streams; 
sloping  plains  or  terraces;  quite  unproductive;  some  corn,  rye, 
buckwheat,  truck  crops,  and  wrapper  tobacco,  according  to  loca- 
tion. 

1 

Soil  (9) 27 

Subsoil  (6) 15        41        31        10 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts a  48, 384 

Lancaster  County,  Pa ?>  4,  000 

Lebanon,  Pa M3, 350 

Norfolk  coarse  sand. — Coarse  to  medium  sand,  8  inches  deep, 
loose  and  incoherent  in  texture,  and  containing  some  gravel. 
Subsoil  same,  frequently  containing  iron  crusts.  Occurs  as  level 
plains.  Very  unproductive,  but  used  to  some  extent  for  tobacco, 
peaches,  and  truck. 


Soil  (12) .56 

Subsoil  (15) 5S 


2 

3 

4 

28 

10 

4 

29 

8 

4 

Acres. 

Calvert  County,  Md <•  24, 500 

Connecticut  Valley,  Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts e  42, 048 

Long  Island,  X.  Y 1, 856 


Acres. 

Prince  George  County,  ]\Id c  37, 420 

St.  Mary  County,  Md e  3, 450 

Salem, N.J c  18, 280 

Trenton,  N.J <•  512 


«  Mapped  as  Chicopee  gravel.loam.    This  name  will  not  be  used  again. 
b  Mapped  as  Donegal  gravelly  loam.    This  name  will  not  be  used  again. 
c  Mapped  as  Windsor  sand,  which  name  will  not  again  be  used,  except  in 
Marvland. 


54:         Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam. — Medium  sand  mixed  with  a  large 
quantity  of  small  gravel.  Naturally  rather  unproductive  on  ac- 
count of  drv  nature. 

1  J  3        4 

Soil  (5) 44        23        24        9 

Subsoil  (4) 70        15         9        5 

Acres. 
Connecticut   Valley,   Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts 27, 904 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 04, 89G 

Norfolk  sand. — Coarse  to  medium  gray  or  yellowish  sand,  friable 
and  incoherent,  resting  on  a  yellow  sand  of  about  the  same  tex- 
ture, 8  feet  or  more  in  depth.  A  common  tyj^e  on  the  low,  flat 
river  necks  and  forelands  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coastal  i)lain.>^; 
also  along  the  valley  slopes  of  the  streams  and  covering  extensive 
level  areas  in  the  uplands.  It  is  well  drained,  matures  crops  very 
early,  and  has  such  a  small  retentive  power  for  water  that  general 
farm  crops  can  not  be  grown  with  any  great  success.  Corn  yields 
but  5  to  10  bushels  per  acre  and  wheat  not  to  exceed  5  to  6 
bushels.  It  is  a  typical  early  truck  soil,  especially  adapted  to 
light  truck  crops.  It  is  also  used  for  small  fruits  and  ]>eaches, 
although  not  so  well  adapted  to  these  latter  as  some  of  the  other 
soils  of  the  series.  ]Many  watermelons  are  grown  upon  this  soil 
in  the  Southern  States.  In  the  Connecticut  Valley  and  in  Florida 
a  very  fine  grade  of  cigar  wrapper  tobacco  is  produced  upon 
this  soil.  In  Maryland  it  produces  a  fine  grade  of  the  Maryland 
export  tobacco.  In  North  and  South  Carolina  it  produces  a  very 
line  grade  of  cigarette  tobacco,  but  is  not  as  well  adapted  to  this  ag 

is  the  Norfolk  sandy  loam. 

I  •_'  3  4 

Soil  (53) 32  52  11  4 

Subsoil  (42) 32  50  11  6 

Acres.  Acres. 

Calvert  County,  Md 58,000  Long  Island,  N.  Y 77,120 

Cecil  County,  Md 4(5,  COO  '  Mobile,  Ala 134, 592 

Connecticut  Valley,  Connecti-  Norfolk,  Va 20,  StU 

cut  and  Massachusetts "40,384  Perry  County,  Ala 4,  ICO 

("raven,  N.  C S8, 192  Prince  CJeorge  County,  Md 23, G30 

Darlington,  S.  C 71, 104  !  Raleigh  to  Newbern.  N.  C  . . . .  53, 310 

Dover,  Del 5,C32  St.  Mary  County,  Md 27,500 

Fort  Valley,  Ga 33, 792  Salem,  N.J 7S,  410 

Gadsden  County.  Fla 93, 120  Trenton,  N.  .T 50, 880 

Harford  County,  Md 2, 470  j  Willis,  Tex 8, 5C0 

Kent  County,  Md 30, 7C0  Worcester  County.  Md 45, 312 

"Mapped  as  the  Hartford  sandy  loam,  wliicli  name  will  not  be  iised  again 
outside  of  the  CoTinecticut  Vallev. 


Norfolk  Series.  ,  55 

Norfolk  fine  sand. — Fine,  brown  loamy  sand,  about  8  inches 
deep,  loose  and  friable  when  dry,  but  packing  slightly  when  wet. 
Subsoil  is  of  much  the  same  character,  slightly  more  loamy  and 
somewhat  more  adhesive.  Occurs  as  low,  rolling  hills  and  level 
areas.  Generally  well  drained,  adapted  to  about  the  same  class 
of  truck  crops  as  the  Norfolk  sand,  but  generally  somewhat  more 
productive.  Produces  only  fair  crops  of  corn.  In  Florida  a  fine 
grade  of  wrapper  tobacco  is  grown  on  this  soil. 

1 

Soil  (11) 13 

Subsoil  (19) 14 


o 

:} 

4 

66 

13 

6 

63 

15 

7 

Acres. 

Jacksonville,  Tex r. 38, 528 

Ouachita,  La 192 

Prince  George  County,  Md  . . .  a  36, 190 


Acres. 

Salem,  N.  J ?'  15, 710 

Trenton,  N.J ?>  27, 581 

Worcester  County,  Md 22, 400 


Norfolk  sandy  loam. — Coarse  to  medium  yellow  or  gray  sand,  12 
to  20  inches  deep,  generally  loose  and  incoherent,  resting  on  a 
yellow  sandy  clay.  Level  or  gently  rolling  land.  Soil  is  too  light 
for  general  farm  crops.  Corn  yields  on  the  average  not  over  10 
bushels  per  acre.  It  is  adapted  to  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  pea- 
nuts, and  late  truck  crops.  In  the  Connecticut  Valley  and  in 
Florida  it  produces  a  fine  cigar  wrapper  tobacco  and  in  North 
Carolina  bright  yellow  tobacco  and  cotton. 

1 

Soil  (16) 29 

Subsoil  (12) 24 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts <"  13, 312 

Craven,  N.  C 27, 218 

Darlington,  S.  C ^?  65, 024 

Fort  Valley,  Ga 23, 488 


2 

:j 

4 

48 

16 

6 

36 

18 

21 

Acres. 

Gadsden  County,  Fla .50, 816 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,  X.  C c  216, 580 

Salem,  X.  J /16, 7£0 

Trenton,  X.J /8,640 

Woodville,  Tex 52, 864 


Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam. — Fine,  pale  yellow  or  gray  sandy  loam, 
12  to  18  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  reddish-yellow  tine  sandy  loam 


«  Mapped  as  Westphalia  sand,  which  name  will  not  again  be  used. 

b  Mapped  in  part  as  Elsinboro  tine  sand  and  in  part  as  Westphalia  sand, 
neither  of  which  names  will  again  be  used. 

<•  Mapped  as  Enfield  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  outside  of  the 
Connecticut  Valley. 

d  Mapped  as  Xorfolk  sandy  soil,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 

e  Mapped  in  part  as  Norfolk  sandy  soil  and  in  part  as  Selma  silt  loam,  which 
latter  name  will  not  le  used  hereafter. 

/  Mapped  as  Quinton  .sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


56         Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

grading  into  a  sandy  clay  at  an  average  depth  of  about  20  inches. 

J^evel  plains  and  along  streams.     The  latter  areas  are  subject  to 

occasional  overflow.     Drainage  generally  good.     Gives  a  moderate 

yield  of  corn,  and  is  very  well  adapted  to  late  truck  crops,  in  the 

South  to  cotton,  in  North  Carolina  to  bright  yellow  tobacco,  and 

in  Texas  to  cigar  wrapper  leaf.     This  soil  is  not  as  valuable  for 

truck  as  the  Norfolk  fine  sand,  nor  as  good  a  cotton  soil  as  the 

Norfolk  sandy  loam,  but  is  esteemed  a  better  tobacco  soil  than  the 

latter  and  fully  equal  if  not  somewhat  superior  to  the  former. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (34)    12        53        26  8 

Subsoil  (32) 10        12        22        24 

Acres. 


Calvert  County,  Md o  5, 220 

Craven,  N.  C 155, 136 

Darlington,  S.  C ^25, 600 

Gadsden,  Fla 28,096 

Lufkin,  Tex 6,016 

McNeill,  Miss 81, 472 

Mason  Conntv,  Kv 832 


Acres. 

Mobile,  Ala 7, 168 

Nacogdoches,  Tex 19, 008 

Norfolk,  Va 38, 144 

Prince  George  County,  Md ...      «  9, 660 
Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C. . . .      36, 100 

St.  Mary  County,  Md «  S,  500 

Willis,  Tex <•  107, 180 


Norfolk  loam. — Brown  loam  or  sandy  loam,  usually  containing 
a  very  small  amount  of  fine  gravel.  The  subsoil  is  a  yellow  loam 
containing  considerable  coarse  sand.  This  is  frequently  under- 
lain by  a  medium  grade  of  yellow  sand  or  by  gravel.  The  tyyte 
occupies  level  areas,  usually  terraces  along  rivers  and  tidal  estu- 
aries. The  soil  is  easily  tilled,  well  drained,  and  produces  fair 
yields  of  general  farm  crops.  It  is  especially  well  adapted  to  sugar 
corn,  peas,  and  tomatoes  for  canning  purposes,  and  also  to  peaches. 
It  is  too  heavy  a  soil  for  early  truck,  and  not  sufficiently  heavy  to 
be  classed  as  a  general  farming  soil. 

1 

Soil  (32) 16 

Subsoil  (32) 15 


o 

•i 

4 

40 

:~;i 

11 

36 

9 

19 

(I  Mapped  as  Norfolk  loam,  but  now  brought  into  the  proper  place  in   tlie 
Norfolk  series. 
''>  Mapped  as  Ayden  tine  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 

'•Part  of  this  occurring  on  the  uplands  was  mapped  as  Willis  sand,  the  re- 
mainder occupying  a  low  position  along  the  river  was  mapped  as  Norfolk 
fine  sandy  loam.  It  is  recognized  now  that  these  two  areas  should  liavc  been 
combiuifl. 


Norfolk  Se7'ies. 


Di 


Acres. 

Calvert  County,  Md «  10, 900 

Dover,  Del 66, 7.Y2 

Lockhaven,  Pa 3, 648 

Long  Island ,  X.  Y «  100, 096 

Mason  County,  Ky 896 

Mobile,  Ala 47,104 


Acres. 

Norfolk,  Va 23, 872 

Perry  County,  Ala «  14, 720 

Prince  George  County,  Md  ...    «  17, 500 

St.  Mary  County,  Md a  4, 830 

Worcester  County,  Md n  54, 848 


Norfolk  silt  loam. — A  brown  loam  10  inches  deep,  underlain  by 
a  heavy  yellow  loam  subsoil,  both  containing  a  rather  high  per- 
centage of  silt.  Occurs  as  level  or  gently  rolling  upland  or  ter- 
races. Esteemed  the  most  valuable  soil  of  the  Atlantic  Coastal 
Plain  for  general  farm  crojis.  Adapted  to  wheat,  corn,  and  grass. 
In  Xew  Jersey  this  soil  produces  as  high  as  25  or  35  bushels  of 
wheat,  1  to  2  tons  of  hay,  and  from  50  to  70  bushels  of  corn  per 
acre.  It  is  esteemed  an  excellent  soil  for  dairy  farming.  On  the 
Eastern  Shore  of  ]Maryland  the  yields  are  almost  as  high  as  in 
New  Jersey.  In  southern  Maryland  the  yields  are  much  less, 
wheat  producing  from  12  to  18  bushels,  and  corn  25  to  40  bushels 
per  acre,  while  the  yield  of  hay  is  proportionally  small.  It  is 
believed  that  this  difference  in  productiveness  is  due  almost  en- 
tirelv  to  the  methods  of  cultivation. 


Soil  (40) 14 

Subsoil  (40) 51 


2 

3 

4 

24 

47 

13 

21 

43 

19 

Acres. 

Calvert  County,  Md '>  8,850 

Cecil  County,  Md ^  50, 500 

Darlington,  S.  C t>26, 880 

Dover,  Del 32, 960 

Harford  County,  Md i>29, 810 

Kent  County,  Md ^  67, 200 


Acres. 

Lockhaven.  Pa 5, 824 

Prince  George  County,  Md. . .      b 9, 090 

Salem,  N.J c  108, 140 

St.  Mary  County,  M d &  16, 200 

Trenton,  N.J e  88,  384 

Worcester  Countv.  Md M4, 400 


«  Mapped  in  part  as  Sassafras  sandy  loam  and  in  part  as  Sassafras  gravelly 
loam,  which  names  will  hereafter  only  be  vised  in  Maryland  and  New  Jersey. 

b  Mapped  as  Sassafras  loam.  It  is  recognized  clearly  now  that  this  belongs 
to  the  Norfolk  series.  The  name  Sassafras  loam  will  be  used  hereafter  only  in 
Maryland  and  New  Jersey. 

<*  Mapped  in  part  as  Sassafras  loam  and  Sassafras  gravelly  loam.  The  latter 
name  will  not  again  be  used,  and  similar  soils  will  in  the  future  be  mapped  as 
Norfolk  silt  loam  with  a  gravel  symbol  and  the  gravelly  phase  described  in 
the  report,  except  in  Maryland  and  New  Jersey,  where  it  will  be  mapped  as 
Sassafras  loam  with  a  gravel  symbol.  The  silt  content  of  this  soil,  as  shown 
by  the  averages,  is  rather  low  for  a  .'Jilt  loam,  but  in  many  individual  .samples 


58         Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

MISCELLANEOUS   SOILS    ASSOCIATED    WITH   THE    NORFOLK    SERIES. 

There  are  a  number  of  soils  found  in  the  Coastal  Plain  which 
can  not  be  grouped  with  the  Norfolk  series  or,  so  far  as  now 
known,  with  any  other  series.  They  are  derived  in  part  from 
peculiar  geological  formations  or  have  been  formed  under  purely 
local  conditions.  They  are  liable  to  be  encountered  wherever  the 
Norfolk  series  occurs,  and  should  properly  follow  in  this  place  in 
the  general  classification  of  soils. 

Garner  stony  loam. — A  sandy  loam  containing  40  to  60  per  cent 

of  rock  fragments  and  gravel,  mainly  iron-stained  sandstone.     At 

a  depth  of  6  to  15  inches  it  overlies  a  red,  tenacious  brick-clay 

subsoil,  which  also  contains  sand,  gravel,  and  stones.     It  is  found 

along  stream  courses,  and  probably  owes  its  origin  to  stream  action 

at  times  of  overflow.     Tillage  is  diflicult,  l)ut  fair  crops  of  cotton 

can  be  raised.     It  is  devoted  to  the  growth  of  commercial  pine 

timber,  and  used  for  hog  and  cattle  pastures. 

12  3        4 

Soil  (1) 39        36        14        7 

Acres. 
Raleigh  to  Newbern,  X.  C 14,330 

Gadsden  sand. — Dark-gray  sand,  10  inches  deep,  underlain  by 
a  gray  or  brownish  sand  appearing  lighter  in  texture  and  ex- 
tending to  a  depth  exceeding  36  inches.  The  sand  is  of  medium 
to  fine  texture,  and  there  is  usually  a  considerable  admixture  of 
organic  matter.  Lies  on  gentle  slopes  or  undulations  adjacent  to 
streams.  ]Mainly  hammock  land,  with  growth  of  hard  wood. 
Very  productive,  but  requiring  careful  treatment  to  maintain  the 
yields.     One  of  the  best  soils  for  the  Florida  wrapper  tobacco. 

12         3        4 

Soil  (2) 26        66         4         4 

Subsoil  (2) 24        66         5         6 

Acres. 
Gadsden,  Fla 45,248 

Lufkin  fine  sand. — The  soil  is  a  fine  grav  sand  about  10  inches 


iT'' 


deep,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  much  the  same  character  but  occasion- 

the  content  is  as  high  as  CO  or  70  per  cent,  while  in  many  others  it  falls  as  low 
as  25  or  30  per  cent.  It  is  thus  seen  that  this  is  a  type  of  widely  varying  silt 
content,  but  in  relation  to  other  soils  of  the  Coastal  I'lain  it  may  well  be 
classed  as  a  silt  soil. 


Soils  Associated  with  the  Norfolk  Series.         59 

ally  more  loamy.  At  a  depth  of  from  3  to  5  feet  occurs  a  gray  or 
mottled  stratified  clay.  Generally  well  drained,  but  occasionally 
small  areas  occur  as  depressions,  where  the  drainage  is  deficient. 
Such  areas  are  locally  referred  to  as  "crawfish  land."  The  natural 
growth  is  scrub  pine  and  oak.  Produces  fair  yields  of  corn  and 
cotton,  but  is  rather  better  adapted  to  early  truck  crops  and 
peaches.  Soil  needs  green  manuring  for  the  incorporation  of 
more  organic  matter. 

1  1  '.i         4 

Soil  (3)  2        58        37        3 

Subsoil  (3) 2        56        36        6 

Acres. 
Lufkin,  Tex 39, 680 

Podunk  fine  saudy  loam/' — Fine  sandy  loam,  12  inches  deep, 
underlain  bv  fine  sand.  Level  terrace  of  the  Connecticut  Valley. 
Lacustrine  deposit.  Rather  light  for  general  farm  purposes,  but 
well  adapted  to  present  type  of  broad  leaf  wrapper  tobacco. 

1-234 

Soil  (3) 3        62        31        5 

Svbsoil  (5) 4        74        IS        3 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Connecticut 

and  Massachusetts 13, 824 

Collington  sandy  loam. — Loose,  loamy,  brown  sand,  usually  con- 
taining considerable  coarse  sand,  9  to  20  inches  deep,  derived 
from  weathering  of  green  glauconite  sand,  underlain  by  sticky 
yellow  or  greenish-yellow  claylike  material  with  glauconite 
particles.  At  30  to  40  inches  greensand,  in  original  purity,  occurs. 
Very  productive  area,  "Forest  of  Prince  George,"  Maryland. 
L'sed  for  general  farming;  excellent  for  small  fruits,  nurseries, 
and  truck.  Good  tobacco  soil.  Contains  large  amount  of  potash 
(2.5  per  cent).  Same  soil  is  derived  from  Cretaceous  greensand 
in  New  Jersey,  where  it  is  used  for  general  farming  and  truck 

production. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (9) 27        49        13  8 

Subsoil  (10) 20        44        12        21 

Acres. 

Prince  George  County,  Md 23,260 

Salem,  X.  J 4,170 

Trenton,  N.J 83, 456 

a  This  should  have  been  called  the  Podunk  fine  sand. 


60  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

Mozi'oe  fine  sandy  loam. — A  mellow,  brown  fine  sandy  loam 
from  10  to  20  inches  deep,  with  an  average  depth  of  15  inches. 
The  subsoil  is  a  fine  reddjsh-brown  loam,  somewhat  sticky  in 
texture,  extending  to  a  depth  of  more  than  36  inches.  Ten-ace 
formation  along  streams.  Very  productive  soil,  adapted  to  cotton 
and  corn.  The  former  yields  from  one-half  to  If  bales  per  acre 
and  the  latter  from  20  to  40  bushels.  Also  adapted  to  fruit  and 
vegetables. 

1  •_'  S  4 

Soil  (4) 0        46        49  5 

Subsoil  (4) 1        37       53        10 

Acres. 
Ouachita,  La ; <%,  272 

Myatt  fine  sandy  loam. — Gray  sticky  fine  sand  to  a  depth  of  10 
inches.  Subsoil  is  a  drab  or  gray  sandy  clay  of  a  tough  consistency, 
usually  containing  a  large  percentage  of  iron  concretions.  The 
drab  clay  is  mottled  with  iron  stains.  Occurs  on  lower  hillsides 
and  low-lying  bottoms.  The  latter  areas  are  subject  to  frequent 
overflow,  and  drainage  is  poor.  Ver}-  little  of  this  soil  has  been 
encountered  under  cultivation.  The  natural  growth  is  gum, 
cypress,  and  ouk,  the  latter  making  some  ver\'  fine  timber.  The 
crop  yields  are  only  moderate,  although  with  ])roper  drainage 
and  good  treatment  it  is  believed  this  soil  could  be  brought  to  a 
good  state  of  productiveness. 

1        i        8        4 

Soil  (2) 12         44         88  S 

Subsoil  (2) 9        30        40        22 

Acres. 
Ouachita,  La 8, 064 

Elmwood  loam." — Dark-brown  fine  sandy  loam,  2  feet  in  depth, 
overlying  close,  poorly  drained  clay.  Level  terraces  along  Con- 
necticut River.  Lacustrine  de})osit.  Has  very  little  present 
agricultural  value  on  account  of  compact  nature  and   j)oor  under- 


d  rain  age. 


*  Acres. 

Allegan  Cuunty,  Mich 3,810 

Connecticut  Valley,  Connecticut 
and  Massachusetts 7,  It'.s 

a  This  .soil  is  also  likely  to  be  encountered  among  the  glacial  .soils. 


Sods  Associated  with  the  Norfolk  Series.         61 


aS' 


Hempstead  loam. — A  friable  brown  or  black  loam,  8  inches  deep, 
containing  a  small  amount  of  white  quartz  gravel  and  locally  be- 
coming somewhat  sandy.  The  subsoil,  to  a  depth  of  24  inches, 
consists  of  a  heavy  yellow  or  reddish  silty  loam,  slightly  gravelly. 
This  is  underlain  by  a  bed  of  rounded  quartz  gravel  embedded  in 
a  sandy  loam  matrix,  all  considerably  stained  with  iron.  Gener- 
ally level  areas.  Well  underdrained  by  the  gravel  beds,  but  the  soil 
maintains  a  fair  supply  of  moisture.  The  chief  trouble  is  the  lack 
of  depth.  No  forest  cover,  but  affords  fair  pasturage  in  its  uncul- 
tivated state.  Produces  good  crops  of  corn,  potatoes,  tomatoes, 
cabbage,  rye,  and  grass.  Also  a  fair  soil  for  late  truck  crops.  In 
the  Long  Island  area  the  Hempstead  loam  is  second  in  value  only 
to  the  Miami  stony  loam. 

1         •-'        :{        4 

Soil  (3) 14         17        4S        21 

Subsoil  (3) 14        19        44        -I'l 

Acres. 
Long  Island,  X.  Y « 53, 824 

Sanders  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dark-brown,  reddish-brown,  or  gray 
loam.  The  subsoil  is  lighter  in  color  and  api:)arently  heavier  in  tex- 
ture. Occurs  as  narrow  strips  along  the  creeks,  extending  up  the 
edge  of  the  valleys.  Frequently  has  Sharkey  clay  on  the  stream 
side,  which  interferes  with  projjer  drainage.  Is  considered  a  very 
good  corn  soil,  producing  as  much  as  45  bushels  per  acre  where 
well  drained.  Not  considered  so  good  for  cotton,  producing  about 
one-half  bale  per  acre.     Soil  generally  is  in  need  of  drainage.  * 

12         3  4 

Soil  (3) 3        34        44        15 

Subsoil  (3) 3        4(j        33        18 

Acres. 
Paris,  Tex 10, 112 

Gadsden  loam. — Dark  yellowish-gray  loam,  rather  light  in  charac- 
ter, from  8  to  18  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  yellowish-gray  fine  loam 
or  silty  loam,  somewhat  heavier  in  texture.    Occurs  as  moderately 

('  Part  of  this  has  been  mapped  as  Hempstead  gravelly  loam.  It  should  have 
been  mapped  as  Hempstead  loam  with  gravel  symbol,  and  the  gravelly 
phase  described  as  such  in  the  report. 

l>  This  soil  is  very  similar  to  the  Myatt  fine  sandy  loam  and  the  Monroe  fine 
sandj'  loam,  but  contains  rather  more  clay  than  either  of  those  soils. 


62  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

high  bottoms  antl  ])hiffs.  Locally  known  as  hammock  land  sup- 
porting a  growth  of  hard-wood  timber.  Well  drained  and  quite 
productive.     Adapted  to  cotton,  corn,  and  fruit. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (1) 25        26        27        21 

Subsoil  U) 20        20        28        32 

Acres. 
McNeill,  Miss 14,  592 

Selma  heavy  silt  loam.<^' — Heavy  silt  loam,  20  inches  or  mure 
in  depth,  underlain  l)y  a  stiff,  mottled  clay.  Low-lying  level 
tracts  in  Coastal  Plain  region.  Natural  drainage  is  poor,  and  for 
this  reason  the  soil  is  unproductive,  but  when  drained  it  is  good 
cotton  and  grass  land. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (4) 12        44        29        14 

Subsoil  ( 4 ) 17        33        21        28 

Acres. 

Darlington,  S.  C 15, 488 

Raleigh  to  Newbern.  N.  C 18, 980 

Susquehanna  clay  loam. — Yellow  or  brown  loam  about  10  inches 
deep,  underlain  l)y  a  heavy  mottled  clay  subsoil  identical  with 
Susquehanna  clay.  Occupies  hills,  slopes,  and  valleys.  Adapted 
to  grain  and  grass  crops.  Considerable  areas  yet  in  oak  and  pine 
forest. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (2) 7        17        50        21 

Subsoil  (1 ) 3        11        55        26 

Acres. 
Prince  George  Uouuty,  Md 16,850 

Leonardtown  loam.'' — Yellow  silty  loam,  closely  resembling 
loess,  y  inches  deej),  underlain  by  retl  and  mottled  clay  loam  with 
peculiar  interlocking  clay  lenses  and  pockets  of  sand.  Slightly 
rolling  upland.  Good  soil  for  general  farming,  wheat,  and  grass 
land.  Much  of  the  area  is  waste  land  or  grown  up  in  white  oak 
and  pine  forests,  and  some  of  the  more  level  portions  need  under- 
drainage.     This  soil  is  deficient  in  organic  matter  and  lime. 

1       2        ;{        4 

Soil  (14) 5        20        57        15 

Subsoil  (14) 6        17        50        23 

"  Tliis  soil  should  liave  l>ct'n  called  Selma  loam. 
''Should  have  been  called  Lroiuirdtow n  silt  loam. 


Soils  Associated  ivith  the  JSforfoll:  Series.         63 


Acres. 

Calvert  County,  Md 7, 950 

Mason  County,  Ky 320 

Norfolk,  Va «'55, 488 


Prince  George  County,  Mel... 
St.  Mary  County,  Md 


Acres. 

n  49, 480 

95.  500 


3 

4 

61 

11 

48 

18 

Monroe  silt  loam. — A  fine  sandy  or  silty  loam  10  inches  in  depth, 
underlain  by  a  yellow  or  red  silty  clay,  usually  mottled  with  white 
or  brown  beloAV  2  feet.  Occurs  as  low  terraces  or  in  hills  of  little 
elevation.  The  forest  growth  is  oak  and  i)ine.  Very  little  has 
been  cultivated  and  tliat  with  very  poor  success.  Cotton  can 
hardly  be  made  to  yield  one-half  bale  per  acre,  and  corn  propor- 
tionally less. 

1       i 

Soil  (2) 1        28 

Subsoil  (2) 2        33 

Acres. 
Ouachita,  La 39,232 

Alloway  clay. — Red  or  gray  clay  loam  6  inches  deep,  containing 
some  gravel,  underlain  liy  a  mottled  yellow  and  gray  sticky  clay 
to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  Kolling  upland  or  bottoms.  Derived 
from  Miocene  or  glacial  material — recent  sediments.  Good  grass 
and  wheat  lands.  Produces  fine  apples.  Difficult  to  till.  Gen- 
erally in  need  of  underdrainage. 

1 

Soil  (8) 8 

Subsoil  (8) ft 

Acres. 


2 

:} 

4 

12 

45 

33 

14 

43 

36 

Lyons,  N.  Y 16,448 

Salem,'  X.J 10, 580 


Acres. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 24, 832 

Trenton,  N..1 11,904 


Mobile  clay. — This  type  consists  of  a  yellow  loam,  with  an  aver- 
age depth  of  8  inches,  renting  on  a  stiff,  i)lastic  yellow  clay  or 
sandy  clay  subsoil  extending  to  a  depth  of  3  or  more  feet.  The 
surface  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  many  iron  concretions. 
Usually  found  overlying  the  materials  forming  the  Orangeburg 
sandy  loam.  The  surface  is  flat  and  marked  by  many  swampy, 
pondlike  depressions  covered  by  a  scrubby  growth  of  gum.  The 
drainage  is  generally  poor.  The  type  is  best  adapted  to  grain  and 
grass. 

r'  Part  of  this  was  mapped  as  Leonardtown  gravelly  loam.  It  should  have 
been  mapped  as  Leonardtown  silt  loam  with  gravel  symbol  and  the  gravelly 
phase  described  as  such  in  the  report. 


64  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

1       •-»       3       4 

Soil  (2) 11        49        23        IS 

Subsoil  (2) 10        35        26        26 

Acres. 
Mobile,  Ala 896 

Suffield  clay. — Clay  loam,  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  close- 
textured  laminated  clay.  Lacustrine  deposit.  Very  poorly 
drained.  Level  areas  in  Connecticut  Valley.  On  account  of 
poorly  drained  condition  and  close  structure,  it  is  not  adapted  at 
present  to  any  agricultural  purposes,  although  used  to  some  extent 
for  pasturage. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (1) f.        40        30        23 

Subsoil  (3) 1        11        53        32 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,   Connecti- 
cut-Massachusetts    10, 240 

Susquehanna  clay. — Clay  loam,  6  inches  deep,  containing  gravel, 
overlying  stiff,  tenacious  red  or  white  pipeclay.  Hills  and  rolling 
land  on  the  western  border  of  Coastal  Plain  region,  ^Maryland  and 
adjoining  States.  The  type  is  very  refractory,  hard  to  cultivate, 
and  has  at  present  little  or  no  agricultural  value. 

1         i  3         4 

Soil  (7) 8        18        37        34 

Subsoil  (5) 3        14        29        51 

Acres. 

Cecil  County,  Md 11, 000 

Harford  County,  Md 4, 890 

Prince  George  County,  Md 22, 360 

Elkton  clay. — Brown  l(jam,  9  inches  deep.      Subsoil  is  heavy 

mottled  yellow  and  gray  clay  loam,  containing  some  silt.     It  is  of 

a  dry  nature,  rather  than  plastic.     Flat  areas  occurring  in  lowest 

Columbia  terrace  in  Cecil  and  Kent  counties,  ]Md.,  and  in  similar 

positions  in  other  areas  in  Atlantic  Coastal  riain.     Kecognized  as 

good  land  for  general  farming  purposes  when  well  drained.     Fre- 

(juently  needs  artificial  drainage. 

1  J  3  4 

Soil  (15 j 5  17  5,s  18 

Subsoil  (15) 3  If.  55  25 


s 


Soils  Associated  with  the  Norfolk  Series.         65 


Acres. 

Cecil  County,  Md 7, 000 

Dover,  Del 6, 016 

Harford  County,  Md 11, 370 

Kent  County,  Md 27, 840 


Acres. 

Mason  County,  Ky S95 

Prince  George  County,  Md 1, 450 

Salem,  N.J 11,240 

Worcester  County,  Md 50, 432 


3 

4 

24 

24 

14 

34 

Selma  clay. — The  soil  consists  of  from  3  to  6  inches  of  heavy  very 
fine  sandy  loam,  underlain  by  a  stiff,  mottled  yellow  clay.  The 
surface  is  generally  level  and  the  soil  is  poorly  drained.  The  soil 
ahnost  invariably  clods  unless  plowed  in  just  the  proper  condition 
of  moisture.  Artificial  drainage  is  necessary  before  crops  can  be 
grown.  When  properly  drained  and  carefully  cultivated  the  soil 
is  quite  productive,  producing  from  1  to  2  tons  of  hay,  20  to  60 
bushels  of  corn,  and  a  bale  of  cotton  per  acre. 

1  2 

Soil  (2) ." 6        38 

Subsoil  (2) 5        37 

Acres. 

Craven,  N.  C 9, 600 

Fort  Valley,  Ga 640 

Neuse  clay. — Dark,  tenacious,  mottled  gray  clay,  3  feet  or  more 
in  depth.  Stream  deposit  often  subject  to  overfiow,  occurring 
along  stream  bottoms  in  Coastal  Plain  region  of  Xorth  Carolina. 
Poorly  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes  on  account  of  close,  sticky 
nature  and  poor  drainage,  but  when  well  drained  it  is  good  cotton 
land. 

1         2 

Soil  (5) 8        25 

Subsoil  (2) 8        24 

Acres. 

Craven.N.C 1,792 

McNeill,  Miss 13, 120 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,  X.  C 3, 040 

Ocklocknee  clay. — This  soil  consists  of  from  8  to  15  inches  of 
sandy  loam  of  variable  texture,  resting  on  a  stiff,  tenacious  clay  of 
dark-yellow,  mottled  red,  or  black  color.  The  subsoil  contains  a 
noticeable  quantity  of  finely  divided  quartz  rock.  Areas  lie  along 
the  river  and  are  subject  to  overflow.   Very  little  under  cultivation. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (1)  _ 14        48        14        23 

Subsoil  (1) 12        39  9        40 

Acres. 
Gad.sden,  Fla 3,  712 

31896— U4 5 


3 

4 

38 

24 

35 

34 

66  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

Lufkin  clay. — The  soil  is  a  fine  sand  or  silt  loam,  from  3  to  8 

inches  deep,  containing  occasionally  a  few  iron  concretions.     The 

subsoil  is  a  stiff,  impervious  red   or  drab   clay,  becoming  very 

plastic  or  mottled  at  a  depth  of  30  inches.     At  a  depth  of  3  to  5 

feet  the  clay  is  distinctly  stratified.     The  surface  is  generally  level 

and  the  drainage  is  poor.     The  natural  growth  is  scrub  pine  and 

small  oaks.     Not  adapted  to  ordinary  farm  crops,  and  small  yields 

of  corn  and  cotton  are  obtained. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (10) r 5        38        37        20 

Subsoil  (11) 3        24        30        43 

Acres. 

Lufkin,  Tex 6,97G 

Nacogdoches,  Tex 5, 120 

Ouachita,  L,a 64 


Acres. 

Paris,  Tex 61, 69G 

Woodville,  Tex 4, 416 


PORTSMOUTH    SERIES. 

This  series  consists  of  black  to  brown  sands  and  loams,  generally 
rich  in  organic  matter,  occupying  level,  usually  slightly  depressed 
areas  in  the  uplands  along  the  outer  edge  of  the  Coastal  Plain. 
The  soils  are  undoubtedly  the  result  of  former  sedimentary  de- 
posits modified  by  swamp  conditions  in  which  the  drainage  has 
become  partially  reestablished.  To  the  former  swampy  condition 
is  due  the  accumulation  of  organic  matter^  particularly  in  the  sur- 
face soil,  and,  as  a  usual  accompaniment  of  such  conditions,  the 
notable  lack  of  organic  matter  in  the  subsoil.  The  ^ame  cause 
has  produced  the  mottled  colors  in  the  subsoil  which  are  com- 
monly associated  with  poor  drainage  and  lack  of  suflicient  aera- 
tion, especially  where  such  conditions  continue  for  long  periods. 
The  Portsmouth  series  forms  an  intermediate  ciass  of  soils 
between  the  Norfolk  series  of  light-colored  sands  and  loams  on 
the  one  hand  and  the  present  swamp  areas  on  the  other.  The 
soils  of  this  series,  M'hen  drained,  are  adnnra])ly  adapted  to 
corn  and  some  of  the  truck  crops,  i)articularly  to  strawberries, 
cabbage,  and  onions.     They  are  not  well  adai)ted  to  wlieat. 

Portsmouth  sand. — Black,  brown,  or  gray  loamy  sand,  about  VI 
inches  deep,  usually  containing  a  large  amount  of  organic  matter. 
The  su})soil  is  a  gray  or  mottled  drab,  white,  and  yellow  sticky 
sand  of  fine  texture,  underlain  usually  at  from  24  to  48  inches  by 


Portsmoidh  Series, 


67 


a  compact  and  impervious  stratum  of  sand  having  the  properties 
of  a  hardpan.  Occasionally  this  sand  is  so  saturated  with  water 
as  to  resemble  quicksand.  Occurs  in  nearly  level  upland  areas 
with  poor  drainage.  Former  lake  or  swamp  deposits.  Corn  is 
the  principal  crop.  Adapted  to  berries,  particularly  to  strawber- 
ries; also  to  cabbage,  onions,  and  other  heavy  or  late  truck  crops. 

1-234 

Soil  (8) 35        51         7         6 

Subsoil  (6)  40        48         5         6 


Acres. 

Norfolk,  Va 2, 04S 

Worcester  Count}',  Md 41, 024 


Acres. 

Graven,  N.C 11,072 

Dover,  Del 640 

Gadsden,  Fla 8, 640 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam. — A  black,  brown,  or  gray  sandy  loam 
about  12  inches  deep,  frequently  containing  a  very  large  amount 
of  organic  matter,  underlain  by  a  gray  or  mottled  sandy  clay, 
which  in  turn  is  underlain  usually  by  a  compact  sand  having  the 
properties  of  a  hardpan.  Occupies  level  or  slightly  depressed 
areas  in  the  uplands.  Drainage  usually  poor.  When  drained  is 
adapted  to  corn,  potatoes,  and  truck  crops 
adapted  to  strawberries. 


Particularlv  well 


1 

Soil  (14) 30 

Subsoil  (11)  21 

Acres. 

Craven,  X.C 46,208 

Darlington,  S.  C «118,208 

Dover,  Del 50,304 


2 

36 
35 


3 

21 
24 


4 

12 
20 


Acres. 

Norfolk,  Ya 30,016 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C «  37, 860 

Worcester  County,  Md 9, 856 


Portsmouth  loam. — Dark  gray  to  black  sandy  loam,  4  to  8  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  a  plastic  sandy  clay  grading  into  a  mottled 
gray  and  yellow  clay  or  compact  tine  sand  having  the  properties 
of  an  impervious  clay.  Flat,  usually  depressed,  upland  areas, 
with  naturally  very  poor  drainage.  When  drained  and  i^roperly 
cultivated  is  well  suited  to  corn,  cotton,  sugar  cane,  and  forage 
plants. 


1 

2 
2 


3 

51 
47 


4 

14 
21 


2 

Soil  (2) ; 2        33 

Subsoil  (2) 2        31 

Acres. 
McNeill,  Miss 3, 328 


«  Mapped  as  Goldsboro  compact  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used 
hereafter. 


68  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

Portsmouth  clay. — The  soil  is  a  black  mucky  loam  containing  a 
large  amount  of  organic  matter.  This  grades  into  a  gray  or  dark 
gray  mixture  of  line  sand  and  silt  which  extends  for  a  depth  of  6 
to  15  inches.  This  is  underlain  by  a  stiff,  sticky  yellow  or  mot- 
tled clay,  quite  impervious  to  water.  Occupies  flat,  generally 
slightly  depressed  areas  in  the  uplands,  which  have  very  poor 
natural  drainage.  When  properly  drained  is  a  very  fine  soil  for 
corn  or  cotton.  The  former  produces  as  much  as  40  to  80  bushels, 
the  latter  a  bale  or  more  per  acre.  It  also  yields  well  of  hay  or 
other  forage  crops.  Some  of  the  late  truck  crops,  particularly 
cabbage  and  late  varieties  of  Irish  potatoes,  are  successfully  grown, 
as  well  as  small  fruits. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (1) 15        27        50         8 

Subsoil  (1) 13        22        45        20 

Acres. 
Craven,  N.  (^ -15, 504 

ORANGEBURG    SERIES. 

The  Orangeburg  series  is  derived  mainly,  but  not  entirely, 
from  the  red  sand  and  clays  of  the  Lafayette  mantle  of  the  coastal 
plains.  The  overlying  sands  are  frequently  brown  or  gray, 
although  typically  reddish  in  part,  and  are  invariably  underlain 
at  some  depth  within  3  feet  from  the  surface  by  a  sandy  clay 
nearly  always  red,  but  occasionally  yellow,  resembling  the  mate- 
rial underlying  the  Norfolk  series.  The  characteristic  difference 
between  this  and  the  Norfolk  series  is  the  prevailing  red  color  of 
the  subsoil.  The  crop  values  for  corresponding  soils  in  the  two 
series  are  about  the  same,  but  the  red  clay  soils  appear  to  possess 
a  higher  fertility  and  are  generally  stronger  than  the  correspond- 
ing soils  of  the  Norfolk  series.  The  Orangeburg  clay  and  the 
Norfolk  silt  loam  are  comparable  as  to  crop  yields,  although  the 
former  imder  judicious  management  and  under  the  same  climatic 
conditions  would  probably  exceed  the  latter  in  tiie  production  of 
the  staple  farm  crops.  The  Orangeburg  clay  is  a  prototyjie  of  the 
Cecil  clay  of  the  Piedmont  plateau.  None  of  the  typical  Orange- 
burg clay  has  as  yet  been  encoimtercd  in  the  areas  surveyed,  but 
it  has  been  studied  in  other  areas. 


Orangeburg  Series.  69 

The  following  is  the  basis  of  separation  nsed  in  the  classification 
of  the  Orangeburg  series: 

Orangeburg  sand  must  have  at  least  15  inches,  and  not  more  than 
36  inches,  of  coarse  to  medium  grade  sand  overlying  red  sandy 
clay.  When  such  sand  is  more  than  36  inches,  whether  or  not 
underlain  by  a  red  sandy  clay  at  a  lower  depth,  this  material  w^ould 
])e  called  Norfolk  sand. 

Orangeburg  fine  sand  must  have  at  least  15  inches,  and  not  more 
than  36  inches,  of  fine  sand  overlying  red  sandy  clay. 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam  must  have  more  than  4  inches,  and  less 
than  15  inches,  of  coarse  to  medium  sand  or  sandy  loam  overlying 
red  sandy  clay. 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam  must  have  more  than  4  inches,  and 
less  than  15  inches,  of  fine  sand  overlying  red  sandy  clay. 

Orangeburg  loam  must  have  an  average  depth  of  10  inches  of  red 
loam  overlying  red  sandy  clay. 

-  Orangeburg  silt  loam  must  have  an  average  depth  of  about  10 
inches  of  red  loam  with  high  silt  content,  underlain  by  material 
of  the  same  or  heavier  character. 

Orangeburg  day  must  have  the  distinctive  red  sandy  clay  of  this 
group  within  4  inches  of  the  surface. 

These  soils  usually  contain  small  iron  concretions  or  small 
pebbles. 

Orangeburg  sand. — A  gray  or  reddish  sand,  of  medium  texture, 
from  6  to  8  inches  deep,  usually  containing  some  iron  concretions, 
with  a  reddish-yellow  sandy  subsoil,  which  in  turn  is  underlain 
at  a  depth  of  from  15  to  36  inches  l\v  a  red  sandy  clay.  Occupies 
usually  gently  rolling  areas.  Has  good  natural  drainage.  Gives 
fair  yields  of  corn  or  cotton.  Adapted  to  early  truck,  peaches, 
and  thin  wrapper  tobacco. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) '^2        05        6  7 

Subsoil  (3) 16        55        5        23 

Acres. 

Darlington,  S.  C o9,984 

Gadsden,  Fla 31, 552 

Perry  County.  Ala « 196, 288 

"Mapped  as  Orangeburg  sandy  loam.  The  red  sandy  clay  subsoil  is  too  far 
below  the  surface  in  these  areas  to  warrant  classing  the  soil  as  the  Orangeburg 
sandv  loam. 


To  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils, 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam. — A  coarse  to  medium  red  or  dark-brown 
eand,  generally  loose  and  incoherent,  from  4  to  15  inches  in  depth, 
resting  on  a  red  sandy  clay,  usually  containing  small  gravel  and 
iron  concretions.  Rolling  to  level  upland  areas,  especially  upland 
ridges  and  slopes.  Adapted  to  general  farming,  giving  good  yields 
of  cotton,  corn,  and  rather  small  yields  of  Avheat  and  oats.  In 
South  Carolina,  adapted  to  the  bright  yellow  tobacco;  in  Florida 
and  Texas,  to  the  cigar  wrapper  and  filler  leaf.  This  is  the  prin- 
cipal peach  soil  of  the  Fort  Valley  area,  Georgia. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (15) 22        51        16        11 

Subsoil  (15) 15        37        15        33 

Acres. 

Darlington,  S.  C «6,592 

Fort  Valley,  Ga 24, 896 

Gadsden,  Fla 37, 248 

McNeill,  Miss 7, 296 


Acres. 

Paris,  Tex 12, 224 

Perry  County,  Ala &82,  752 

Woodville,  Tex 1, 152 


Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam. — A  fine  gray  or  brown  sand  from  4 

to  15  inches  deep,  overlying  a  red  sandy  clay.     Occupies  level  and 

rolling  to  hilly  areas  in  uplands  and  has  good  drainage.     Well 

adapted  to  cotton,  gives  fair  yields  of  corn,  and  particularly  well 

adapted  to  truck  crops  and  peaches. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (18) 6        63  23  8 

Subsoil  (18) 4        43  20  34 


Acres. 

Jacksonville,  Tex 18,752 

Lnfkin,  Tex 6,400 

Miller  County,  Ark 224, 640 

Mobile,  Ala 26, 880 


Acres. 

Nacogdoches,  Tex 16, 320 

Ouachita  Parish,  La 172, 800 

Paris,  Tex 69,184 


Orangeburg  loam. '' 

Orangeburg  silt  loam. — A  l)rown,  red,  or  chocolate  loam  contain- 
ing a  high  percentage  of  silt,  from  6  to  20  inches  deep,  underlain 
by  the  same  material  somewhat  heavier  to  a  depth  of  36  inches, 

"Mapped  as  Orangeburg  loam,  but  the  surface  soil  is  too  coarse,  loose,  and 
incoherent  for  the  true  Orangeburg  loam. 

''Ma[)ped  as  Orangeburg  clay.  The  surface^oil  is  too  deep  for  true  Orange- 
burg clay. 

cThe  typical  Orangeburg  loam  has  not  yet  been  found.  The  soil  mapped 
under  this  name  in  Darlington  County,  S.  C,  in  1902,  has  been  correlated  with 
the  Orangeburg  sandy  loam. 


Houdon  Series.  71 

frequently  grading  below  this  into  a  fine  sandy  loam.  Occupies 
level  or  slightly  rolling  areas  frequently  subject  to  overflow.  Well 
adapted  to  cotton  and  corn. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (3)  0  9        66        21 

Subsoil(3) 0        13        64        23 

Acres. 
Paris,  Tex 8,512 

Orangeburg  clay. — A  red  loam  or  clay  loam,  with  an  average 
depth  of  8  inches,  resting  on  a  stiff,  tenacious  reddish-brown  or 
red  clay.  Generally  the  surface  is  rolling  or  hilly  and  the  surface 
drainage  is  excellent.  Native  growth  is  hardwood.  Cotton  and 
corn  are  the  principal  crops,  the  former  yielding  from  one-third 
to  1  bale  and  the  latter  from  15  to  45  bushels  per  acre.  The 
better  areas  of  this  type  are  believed  to  be  adapted  to  the  pro- 
duction of  a  fine  grade  of  domestic  Cuban  filler  tobacco. 

1 

Soil  (12)  10 

Subsoil  (12).... 8 


2 

3 

4 

42 

21 

24 

30 

19 

43 

Acres. 

Fort  Valley,  Ga 31,168 

Jacksonville,  Tex 4, 096 


Acres. 

Nacogdoches,  Tex 16, 704 

Paris,  Tex 59, 136 


HOUSTON    SERIES. 

The  Houston  series  occurs  in  the  black  calcareous  prairies  of  the 
Gulf  Coastal  Plains. 

Houston  silt  loam. — A  grayish-brown  fine  loam,  containing  a  high 
percentage  of  silt,  4  to  15  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  stiff,  rather 
impervious  silt  loam  or  silt  clay,  varying  in  color  from  yellowish- 
gray  to  brown.  At  5  or  6  feet  it  usually  grades  into  a  soft,  rotten 
material.  Occupies  level  areas,  but  has  good  drainage.  Used 
mainly  for  pasture,  but  general  farm  crops  do  fairly  well. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) ; 3        26        54        17 

Subsoil  (3) 2        16        43        39 

Acres. 
Paris,  Tex 22,080 

Houston  clay. — A  brown  or  yellow  clay  loam  from  4  to  8  inches 
deep,  grading  into  a  yellow  clay  subsoil  of  a  stiff  plastic  character 


72         Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

and  underlain  by  blue  or  gray  clay.  Occupies  level  or  gently  roll- 
ing country,  usually  prairie,  and  owes  its  origin  to  Cretaceous  sedi- 
ments. Cracks  in  summer,  but  is  very  plastic  when  wet.  Cotton 
principal  product.  Adapted  to  stock  raising.  Corn  and  oats  do 
well. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (6) • 7        16        52        24 

Subsoil(6) 2        11        45        42 

Acres. 

Paris,  Tex 40, 064 

Perry  County,  Ala 136, 128 

Houston  black  clay. — Drab  to  black  clay,  4  to  6  inches  deep,  fria- 
ble when  well  cultivated,  but  becoming  waxy  and  sticky  when 
wet,  and  if  not  continually  cultivated  caking  into  a  very  hard  and 
compact  mass  that  cracks  into  irregular  blocks  on  drying.  Sub- 
soil a  waxy,  very  stiff,  and  tenacious  clay  of  same  color  as  soil. 
Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  varying  quantities  of  lime  concre- 
tions, ranging  generally  from  1  to  10  millimeters  in  diameter,  but 
frequently  larger.  Pockets  of  quartz  are  also  found,  and  pockets 
of  the  drab  soil  in  the  black,  and  vice  versa.  Very  fertile  soil. 
Used,  commonly  for  corn,  cotton,  and  rice  according  to  locality, 
elevation,  and  drainage.     Adapted  also  to  grass. 

1        2        :j        4 

Soil  (9) ' 2        21        46        28 

Subsoil  (9) 2        13        48        32 

Acres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 272, 276 

Paris,  Tex 35, 008 

Willis,  Tex "  20, 480 

VERNON    SERIES. 

Vernon  sand. — A  loose,  incoherent  sand  of  medium  texture, 
about  18  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  looser  and  coarser  material. 
In  color  it  ranges  from  a  yellow  in  its  least  typical  phase  to  a  red- 
dish-brown where,  on  the  upland,  it  contains  some  organic  matter. 
The  river-flat  phase  contains  a  little  silty  material.  The  upland 
phase  is  at  times  slightly  sticky,  probably  from  the  presence  of 
lime   carbonate.     The    U])land   areas  are    always   well   drained. 

a  Mapped  as  San  .lacinto  clay,  whicli  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


Vernon  Series.  73 

Kafir  corn,  sorghum,  and  cotton  principal  crojis.     Apples,  peaches, 
and  melons  do  well.     The  lowland  phase  used  for  pasturage. 

12  3        4 

Soil  (3) 20        68         8        4 

Subsoil  (3) 16        66        11        6 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex 56, 448 

Vernon  fine  sand. — A  loose,  fine  to  medium,  gray  to  reddish-gray 
sand  or  sandy  loam,  resting  on  a  loose  sand  of  medium  texture 
extending  to  a  depth  of  several  feet.  River  valley  soil,  and  allu- 
vial in  origin.  "While  well  drained,  the  soil  is  more  retentive  of 
moisture  than  would  be  thought  from  the  loose  texture.  Princi- 
pal crops  are  corn  and  cotton,  the  latter  yielding  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  bale  per  acre.  Corn  averages  well,  the  usual  yield 
being  about  50  bushels  per  acre.  Higher  lying  areas  are  well 
adapted  to  fruit,  especially  peaches.  Vegetables  also  do  well,  but 
are  grown  only  for  home  consumption. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 7        62        26        6 

Subsoil  (3) 6        60        26        7 

Acres. 
Paris,  Tex 13, 312 

Vernon  sandy  loam. — A  dark-red  to  reddish-brown  sandy  loam, 
from  12  to  18  inches  deep,  mellow,  friable,  and  easily  worked. 
The  subsoil  to  a  depth  of  36  inches  is  heavier  in  texture,  and  varies 
from  a  red  to  a  brown  color.  Soil  is  alluvial  in  origin,  and  gener- 
all)'well  drained.  Corn,  wheat,  Kafir  corn,  oats,  and  cotton  prin- 
cipal crops. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (2) 16        56        17        11 

Subsoil  (2) 14        48        22        15 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex 30, 592 

Vernon  fine  sandy  loam. — A  fine  brownish-red  sand,  about  22 
inches  deep,  carrying  considerable  silt.  The  subsoil  is  the  same 
as  the  soil,  except  that  it  is  a  little  lighter  in  color  in  the  lower 
depths.  From  4  to  6  feet  the  material  is  generally  a  yellowish-red 
fine  sand.  Occupies  bluffs  along  rivers.  Surface  is  slightly  roll- 
ing and  the  drainage  excellent.     Derived  from  wind-blown  river 


74         Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

sand  when  streams  were  at  higher  levels.     Used  principally  for 

pasturage,  but  adapted  to  wheat,  corn,  oats,  cotton,  and  other 

farm  crops. 

1  2  3  4 

Soil  (2) 1  38  54  7 

Subsoil  (2) 1  37  53  9 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex 5,248 

Vernon  loam. — Surface  soil  is  a  fine-grained,  reddish-brown  to 
dark-brown  loam,  12  inches  deep,  mellow  and  friable  and  easily- 
worked.  The  subsoil  is  a  light  reddish-brown  loam,  heavier  in 
texture  than  the  soil.  At  from  3  to  6  feet  it  is  underlain  by  red 
clay.  Occupies  level  and  slightly  rolling  areas  of  the  prairie  up- 
land, is  fairly  well  drained,  and  is  derived  from  the  weathering 
of  material  forming  the  Permian  red  beds.  Corn,  wheat,  oats, 
Kafir  corn,  and  sorghum  are  the  principal  crops. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (3) 2        26        60        12 

Subsoil  (3)  3        23        59        11 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex 59, 392 

Vernon  silt  loam. — A  silt  loam  about  10  inches  deep,  underlain 
by  a  loose,  yellow  sand.  Occurs  upon  river  flats,  usually  near 
bluff  line.  Poorly  drained.  Formed  by  deposits  from  river.  At 
present  used  only  for  pasturage  and  of  little  agricultural  value. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 1        32        56        11 

Subsoil  (2) 3        38        47   '    12 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex 2, 880 

Vernon  clay. — A  red  clay   to  heavy   clay  loam  about  9  inches 

deep,  in  some  localities  containing  a  small  percentage  of  rounded 

quartz  gravel.     The  subsoil  is  a  i  leavy,  sticky,  red  clay.     It  often 

contains  water  worn  gravel  from  b  to  4  inches  in  diameter.     Derived 

from  the  Permian  red  beds,  and  is  the  underlying  basal  clay  of 

the  Vernon  loam.     Principally  used  for  pasture. 

12         8         4 

Soil  (2) 2        25        59        15 

Subsoil  (2) 2        19        61        18 

Acres. 
Vernon,  Tex 22, 592 


Miscellaneous  Soils.  75 

MISCELLANEOUS   SOILS   OF   THE   GULF   COASTAL    PLAINS. 

Calcasieu  fine  sand. — A  fine  sand  or  fine  sandy  loam,  18  inches  in 
depth,  underlain  by  10  inches  of  loam  bearing  some  silt  and  sand, 
grading  into  mottled  clays.  Subsoils  often  carry  iron  concretions. 
Fine  sand  phase  is  a  loose,  incoherent  gray  or  dark  sand  derived 
in  the  deposition  of  the  coastal  terrace.  Fine  sandy  loam  phase 
is  a  yellow  sand  or  sandy  loam  occupying  districts  near  rivers. 
Type  found  in  low  ridges  and  pine  regions.  Adapted  to  truck  and 
orchard  crops. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (5) 1        56        34  8 

Subsoil  (4) 1        37        34        25 

Acres. 
Lake  Charles,  La 13, 970 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  compact,  gray, 
fine  sandy  loam  from  6  to  18  inches  in  depth,  resting  on  a  clay 
loam  subsoil  that  grades  into  a  black  or  yellow  clay  containing 
lime  nodules  and  iron  concretions.  Occurs  along  streams  in  very 
gently  rolling  areas.  A  good  truck  soil  and  also  adapted  to  pears 
and  berries. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (6) 1        53        36        10 

Subsoil  (6) 1        39        37        22 

Acres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 23, 040 

Lake  Charles,  La 5, 500 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy  loam. — A  dark-brown  or  black  sandy 
loam,  merging  sometimes  to  light  gray,  14  inches  in  depth;  subsoil 
a  loam  which  grades  at  10  inches  into  a  clay  loam  carrying  some 
silt.  Under  the  clay  loam  occurs  a  mottled  clay  subsoil,  often  car- 
rying iron  or  lime  concretions.  Found  on  the  higher  elevations 
and  marked  by  sand  hummocks.  Owes  its  texture  to  local  erosion 
and  admixture  of  sand  from  hummock  areas.  Originally  a  coastal 
deposit.     Adapted  to  farm  crops  requiring  light  soils  and  medium 

drainage. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (10) : 2        32        53       11 

Subsoil  (11) 2        26       47       23 

Acres. 

Acadia  Parish,  La 28, 032 

Brazoria,  Tex 38, 784 

Lake  Charles.  La 53, 300 


76  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils. 

Lake  Charles  loam. — Dark-brown,  black,  or  bluish-black  loam, 
carrying  high  percentage  of  organic  material.  At  14  inches  sub- 
soil of  clay  loam  appears,  underlain  by  mottled  clay.  Origin,  local 
swamp  areas,  into  which  fine  loam  has  drifted.  A  heavy  soil,  dif- 
ficult to  till.     Properly  cultivated  makes  an  excellent  rice  land. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (5) 2        12        yj'l        22 

Subsoil  (5) 3        12        57        27 

Acres. 

Acadia  Parish,  La 4,  G08 

Lake  Charles,  La 1, 770 

Calcasieu  loam. — Dark-brown,  brownish-gray,  or  gray  silty  loam 
6  to  16  inches  in  depth,  grading  into  clay  loam  8  inches  deep, 
beneath  which  are  mottled  clays.  Origin  of  soil,  coastal  deposit. 
Found  in  poorly  drained  areas  of  depression  containing  scattered 
sand  mounds.     Is  an  excellent  rice  soil. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (3) 1        22        60        14 

Subsoil  (4) 1        22        55       20 

Acres. 
Lake  Charles,  La 51,280 

Lacasine  clay  loam. — A  heavy  brown  or  black  clay  loam  20  inches 
deep,  grading  into  mottled  clay,  blue  generally  predominating. 
Subsoil  contains  some  silt,  iron  nodules,  and  sometimes  lime  con- 
cretions. Found  in  depressions  in  large  swamp  areas  free  from 
hummocks.  A  heavy  soil,  difficult  to  till  and  poorly  drained, 
but  with  lasting  properties.  This  type  has  no  agricultural  impor- 
tance. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (3) 2        24        53        18 

Subsoil  (3) 0        It;        56        24 

Acres. 
Luke  Charles,  La 3,470 

Acadia  silt  loam. — A  white  or  light  ash-gray  silt  and  fine  sand, 
from  16  to  oO  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  silty  clay  of  a  mottled 
brown  and  yellow  color.  Occurs  in  rolling  areas.  Very  little 
cultivated. 

1        2        3  I 

Soil  (2) 3        8        69        21 

■  Subsoil  (2) 2        4        63        31 

Acres. 
Acadia  Parish,  La 80, 280 


Miscellaneous  Soils.  77 

Almyra  silt  loam. — Mottled,  grayish-brown  silty  loam  about  12 
inches  deep,  resting  on  material  of  the  same  general  character, 
though  lighter  in  color,  and  grading  by  degrees  through  a  whitish 
silt  into  a  reddish-brown  clay.  Subsoil  contains  iron  concretions 
and  is  stained  \vith  iron.  Occupies  level  and  depressed  areas  of 
prairie  upland.  Poorly  drained  and  difficult  to  till.  Native  vege- 
tation, a  scattered  growth  of  scrub  oak  near  forested  areas;  else- 
where, coarse  jjrairie  grasses.  With  proper  tillage  good  yields  of 
oats,  corn,  cowpeas,  sorghum,  and  Kafir  corn  are  obtained.  At 
present  used  principally  for  pasture  and  wild  hay, 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) -1        5        77        16 

Subsoil  (3) 2        4        75        19 

Acres. 
Stuttgart,  Ark 63, 104 

Landry  silt  loam. — Dark-brown  loam  10  inches  deep,  underlain 
by  a  heavy  brown  clay  loam,  grading  into  greenish-yellow  or  drab 
clays.  Occupies  slightly  rolling  areas.  Has  a  compact  and  some- 
times chalky  structure,  but  breaks  up  readily  into  a  white  fluffy 
powder.  The  subsoil  differs  from  that  of  the  Crowley  silt  loam 
in  being  more  friable,  less  plastic,  and  having  a  more  noticeable 
silty  texture.  The  subsoil  contains  numerous  lime  and  iron  con- 
cretions. Fertile  soil,  but  surface  is  so  rolling  that  irrigation  is 
impracticable,  and  rice  culture — the  principal  industry  of  the 
area — is  therefore  impossible.     Fairly  well  adapted  to  cotton. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (3) 3        8        70        18 

Subsoil  (3) 2        5        71        22 

Acres. 
Acadia  Parish,  La 37,  696 

Crowley  silt  loam. — Brown  or  ash-gray  loam,  composed  of  fine 
sand  and  silt,  sufficiently  compact  to  render  it  rather  impervious 
to  water,  so  that  water  collecting  on  the  s<urface  usually  remains 
until  evaporated.  The  soil  ranges  in  depth  from  10  to  25  inches 
with  an  average  depth  of  about  16  inches.  The  subsoil  is  a  mot- 
tled brown  and  yellow  clay  containing  lime  and  iron  concretions. 
Below  3  feet  it  grades  into  a  silty,  friable  clay.  Occurs  in  level 
prairies.     One  of  the  finest  rice  soils  of  south  Louisiana.     When 


78  Flood  Plains  of  the  Mississijyj^i  River. 

well  drained  is  also  well  adapted  to  cotton,  which,  however,  has 

been  very  little  jrrown. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 2        10        63        25 

Subsoil  (3) 2         7        60        31 

Acres. 
Acadia  Parish,  La 244,160 

Morse  clay. — Soil  is  a  heavy  silt  or  clay  loam,  6  to  8  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy  mottled  clay,  both  soil  and  subsoil 
being  quite  calcareous.  Occurs  along  stream  courses,  and  has 
generally  good  drainage.  Very  unimportant  soil,  difficult  to  till, 
and  little  under  cultivation.  Adapted  to  rice  where  irrigation  is 
possible,  and  in  the  well-drained  areas  is  fairly  adapted  to  corn 
and  cotton. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (1) 3         5        52        41 

Subsoil  (1) 1         4        11        54 

Acres. 
Acadia  Parish,  La 1, 664 

SOILS    OF    THE   FLOOD    PLAINS   OF    THE    MISSISSIPPI   KIVEU   AND   ITS 

LARGER  TRIBUTARIES. 

A  separate  place  has  been  given  to  the  extensive  characteristic 
soils  encountered  in  the  Mississippi  flood  plains.  While  the  soils 
are  typical  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  they  have  also  been  found 
along  some  of  the  tributary  rivers.  There  is  no  sharp  distinction, 
however,  between  these  or  other  bottom  soils  found  along  the 
rivers  of  the  Middle  "West.  The  principal  types  are  comprised  in 
the  Yazoo  series. 

YAZOO    SERIES. 

Yazoo  sandy  loam. — Fine  to  very  fine  yellow  sand,  0  to  6  inches; 
])rown  loamy  sand,  6  to  12  inches;  fine  yellow  sand,  12  to  40 
inches;  or,  near  the  margins  of  areas,  underlain  liy  waxy  clay 
below  12  inches.  Occupies  low,  flat  ridges,  forming  front  lands 
near  stream  courses  in  river  deltas.  Chief  product  is  cotton,  ]>nt 
soil  is  suited  to  truck  and  market-garden  crops.  Corn  and  truck 
in  northern  areas. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (22) 3        42        50         8 

Subsoil  (22)  2        2S        56        14 


Miscellaneous  Soils. 


79 


Acres.  Acres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 31,872     St.  Clair  County,  111 12,800 

Clay  County,  111 1,344     Smedes,  Miss 8,512 

Clinton  County,  111 2,176     Tazewell  County,  111 128 

New  Orleans,  La 41, 600     Yazoo,  Miss 26, 670 

Posey  County,  Ind 2, 752 

Yazoo  loam. — Yellow  or  brown  loam  or  silt  loam,  0  to  6  inches; 
drab  clay  or  fine  compact  sandy  loam,  6  to  40  inches.  Low  ridges 
in  river  deltas.  Represents  higher  lying  areas  of  fine  sediment 
deposited  by  innndations.  Strong  cotton  soil,  producing  1  bale 
per  acre.     In  northern  areas  adapted  to  corn  and  wheat. 

1        -2         3 

Soil  (13) 2        20        62 

Subsoil  (12) 2        16        59 

Acres. 


4 
15 

99 


Clay  County,  111 1, 472 

New  Orleans,  La 18, 112 

Parsons,  Kans 28, 352 

Posey  County,  Ind 8, 320 


Acres. 

St.  Clair  County,  111 4, 160 

Smedes,  Miss 20, 288 

Yazoo,  Miss 16, 080 


Yazoo  clay. — Heavy  drab  clay  loam  5  inches  deep,  which  sun 
cracks  to  a  state  closely  resembling  "buckshot  land;"  subsoil  drab 
clay  5  to  40  inches,  usually  underlain  by  sand  below  5  or  6  feet. 
Low  areas  to  rear  of  front  lands  and  higher  ridges  in  open  forest 
lands  in  river  deltas.  L^sually  would  be  improved  by  drainage. 
Northern  areas  corn;  southern  areas  finest  cotton  soil,  yielding 
from  IJ  to  1|  bales  per  acre. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (25) 2        10        55        33 

Subsoil  (25) 2        10        53        35 


Acres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 9, 152 

Clinton  County,  111 5, 376 

.Tohnson  County,  111 1, 664 

New  Orleans,  La 18, 368 

Parsons,  Kans 68, 544 

Posey  County,  Ind 30, 720 


Acres. 

St.  Clair  County,  111 26, 994 

Smedes,  Miss 37,  760 

Tazewell  County,  111 13, 696 

Union  County,  Ky 24,448 

Yazoo,  Miss 45, 080 


MISCELL.\XEOUS    SOILS     OF    THE     FLOOD     PLAINS     OF    THE     MISSISSIPPI 
RIVER    AND    ITS    LARGER   TRIBUTARIES. 


Miller  fine  sand. — A  fine  to  very  fine  salmon-colored  sand,  6  to 
12  inches  in  depth,  and  frequently  quite  loamy  from  the  presence 
of  organic  matter.     The  subsoil  consists  of  6  inches  of  loamv  sand 


80  Flood  Plains  of  the  Mlsslssljjjji  Ewer, 

or  fine  sand,  resting  on  a  fine  sand  to  very  fine  sand,  uniform  in 
texture  to  a  depth  of  36  inches  or  more.  At  6  or  8  feet  below  the 
surface  a  red  clay  occurs.  Occupies  river  bottoms,  but  lies  above 
any  but  the  very  highest  floods.  Soil  is  the  result  of  river  sedi- 
mentation. Subject  to  inundation,  but  is  well  drained  when 
water  in  the  river  is  at  normal  level.  Corn  yields  from  20  to  50 
bushels,  and  cotton  one-half  to  1  bale  per  acre.  Bermuda  grass 
affords  good  pasturage  and  abundant  crops  of  hay. 

12  3        4 

Soil  (2) 1        81        16        3 

Subsoil  (2) 0        84        13        2 

Acres. 
Miller  County,  Ark 34, 688 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam. — A  gray,  brown,  or  yellow  very  fine 
sandy  loam,  underlain  by  a  subsoil  of  drab  or  red  clay,  having  a 
depth  of  36  inches  or  more.  The  subsoil  frequently  grades  into  a 
compact  silt  or  sandy  loam.  Occupies  high  ridges  along  streams, 
or  areas  at  the  base  of  upland  escarpments,  the  greater  part  Ijeing 
above  the  reach  of  floods.  Soil  is  derived  from  the  mixture  of 
river  sediments  and  wash  from  the  uplands.  The  drainage  is  not 
very  good.  The  native  vegetation  is  oak,  hickory,  ash,  elm,  and 
hackberry,  with  cane  brakes  along  bayous.  Cotton  and  corn  are 
the  principal  crops,  the  former  on  well-drained  areas  yielding 
from  one-half  bale  to  l^  bales,  and  the  latter  from  20  to  40  bushels 
per  acre. 

1         1'         3         4 

Soil  (3) 2        66        21        11 

Subsoil  (3) 1        45        33        20 

Acres. 
Miller  County,  Ark 28, 544 

Arkansas  fine  sandy  loam. — Black  or  brown  fine  sandy  loam  10 
or  12  inches  deep  resting  on  a  black  fine  sand  grading  into  a  yellow 
fine  sand  at  from  20  to  24  inches,  the  latter  extending  to  a  depth 
of  several  feet.  Soil  contains  a  relatively  large  proi>ortion  of 
organic;  matter.  Occurs  on  narrow  areas  along  rivers  and  streams 
and  sometimes  in  isolated  depressions  in  uplands.  The  surface  is 
level  to  gently  rolling,  and  in  places  is  broken  by  a  few  low  dunes. 
Generally  has  good  drainage,  although  some  low,  depressed  areas 
need  artificial  drainage.  Soil  is  a  river-sediment  type,  modified 
to  some  extent  by  the  addition  of   wind-blown   material.     Is  a 


Mlscellaneoics  Soils.  81 

fairly  good  agricultural  soil,  yielding  medium  crops  of  wheat  and 
oats,  and  from  20  to  40  bushels  of  corn.  Sugar  beets  are  grown, 
7  to  10  tons  per  acre  being  secured.  Irish  potatoes  and  alfalfa  give 
good  returns,  and  the  soil  seems  best  adapted  to  these  products, 
and  probably  could  be  used  to  advantage  for  truck.  Some  wild 
hay  is  harvested  from  the  wetter  areas,  the  yield  ranging  from 
one-half  to  three-fourths  ton  per  acre. 

12         3        4 

Soil  (1) 4        70        16        9 

Subsoil  (1) 5        69        19        6 

Acres. 
Stanton,  Nebr 22, 144 

Arkansas  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  very  dark  brown  loam, 
fine  grained  and  mellow,  about  10  inches  in  depth.  In  poorly 
drained  spots  it  is  inclined  to  be  somewhat  heavy  and  sticky,  while 
in  areas  where  it  lies  in  close  proximity  to  the  dunes  of  the  Arkan- 
sas River  it  is  frequently  modified  by  wind-blown  sand  and  has 
somewhat  of  the  nature  of  a  sandy  loam.  The  subsoil  is  composed 
of  a  grayish-brown  mixture  of  clay  and  silt,  resting  on  interstrati- 
fied  layers  of  sand,  medium  to  fine  in  texture,  and  clay.  The  latter 
is  somewhat  calcareous,  or  contains  small  concretions  of  lime.  The 
soil  is  alluvial  in  origin,  and  the  surface  is  flat.  It  is  elevated  from 
6  to  15  feet  above  the  streams,  and  a  part  of  it  is  subject  to  almost 
annual  inundation.  Nearly  all  the  ordinary  farm  crops  are  grown. 
The  soil  is  particularly  well  adapted  to  alfalfa.  Potatoes  and  other 
vegetables  do  well.     Grapes  and  other  fruits  are  grown  with  profit. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (3) 4        29        54        13 

Subsoil  (2) 3        21        50        26 

Acres. 
Wichita,  Kans 45, 568 

Lintonia  loam. — Brown  silty  loam,  0  to  9  inches;  yellow  silt,  9 

to  36  inches,  underlain  by  drab  clay  at  a  depth  of  3  or  4  feet. 

Slope  in  front  of  bluff.     Rarely  inundated,  but  subject  to  addition 

of  material  from  bluff  during  winter  rains.     Cotton  produces  well. 

Adapted  also  to  market  gardening  and  fruit  culture.     In  northern 

areas  good  yields  of  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  and  potatoes. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (10) 2        16        71        11 

Subsoil  (8) 3        14        69        14 

31896—04 6 


82 


Piedmont  Plateau  Soils. 


Acres. 

Dubuque,  Iowa 22, 272 

St.  Clair  County,  111 5, 696 

Smedes,  Miss 10, 368 


Acres. 

TazcAvell  County,  111 29, 0o6 

Yazoo,  Miss 3, 060 


Kaskaskia  loam. — Surface  soil  consists  of  a  heavy  brown  loam  9 
inches  deep,  containing  much  silt.  The  subsoil  is  a  mottled  gray 
and  yellow  silty  loam  or  silty  clay.  Occupies  low  alluvial  bottoms; 
subject  to  overflow;  often  poorly  drained.  Derived  from  alluvial 
sediments.     Corn  and  hay  principal  crops. 

1 

Soil  (10) 2 

Subsoil  (10) 3 

Acres. 

Clinton  County,  111 24,576 

Knox  County,  111 29, 148 

McLean  County,  111 20, 352 

Sharkey  clay. — Soil  is  a  stiff,  waxy  clay,  8  inches  deep,  varying 
in  color  from  black  to  light  chocolate  brown,  and  containing  lime 
and  iron  concretions.  Subsoil  is  a  stiff,  impervious  clay,  similar 
to  soil.  Surface  sun-cracks  readily.  Locally  known  as  ' '  buckshot ' ' 
land.  A  poorly  drained  soil  occupying  lowest  portions  of  river 
bottoms.  Subject  to  overflow  annually.  When  diked  and  well 
drained  it  is  a  strong  soil,  suited  to  corn,  sugar  cane,  and  cotton. 


Sangamon  County.  Ill 
St.  Clair  County,  111 


'1         3 

4 

10   61 

27 

11    61 

26 

Acres. 

y.  Ill 

40, 192 

Ill 

9, 664 

Soil  (22) 

Subsoil  (22).. 

.^cres. 

Brazoria,  Tex 133, 056 

Miller  County,  Ark 110, 656 

New  Orleans,  La 157, 952 

Ouachita,  La 67, 264 

Paris.  Tex 19, 136 


1       •->       :{        4 

2        9        41        48 

1        6        39        53 

Acres. 

Parsons,  Kans 31, 808 

Smedes,  Miss 149,440 

Union  County.  Ky 4, 032 

Yazoo,  Miss 184, 380 


PIKD.MO.M  PLATEAU  SOILS. 

The  soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau  are  derived  almost  exclusively 
from  the  disintegration  of  igneous  or  inetamorphic  rocks,  the 
materials  of  which  have  been  further  modified  by  local  erosion 
and  stream  action.  The  characteristic  soil  of  the  region  is  the  Cecil 
chiy,  a  heavy  but  frial)le  red  clay,  extending  from  New  Jersey  to 
Georgia  and  forming  the  soil  or  the  subsoil  over  much  of  the  area 


Cecil  Series.  83 

of  the  plateau.  The  surface  of  the  plateau  has  been  very  much 
cut  by  stream  action,  giving  a  very  rolling  and  in  places  a  hilly 
character  to  the  country.  A  peculiar  characteristic  of  the  soils  is 
that  they  are  composed  either  of  coarse  sand  or  of  heavy  clay, 
very  few  soils  of  intermediate  texture  being  found.  The  lighter 
soils  are  but  poorly  adapted  to  general  farm  crops,  but  on  account 
of  their  ease  of  cultivation  and  the  light  draft  animals  and  general 
conditions  of  labor  are  usually  preferred  to  the  clay  soils.  The 
latter,  especially  the  Cecil  clay,  are  adapted  to  corn,  wheat,  and 
grass,  but  are  more  difficult  to  cultivate,  and  during  the  hot  sum- 
mers, with  indifferent  cultivation,  crops  are  often  poor  in  quality 
and  low  in  yields.  The  Cecil  clay  when  well  cultivated,  as  it  is 
in  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland,  appears  like  a  differ- 
ent soil  from  the  raw,  gullied  areas  in  many  portions  of  the 
Southern  States. 

CECIL   SERIES. 

Cecil  stony  loam. — Soil  derived  from  the  weathering  of  igneous 
and  metamorphic  rocks  and  of  intrusive  dikes  of  fine-grained  trap 
(diabase).  Soil  is  a  red  loam  about  12  inches  deep,  mixed  with 
from  30  to  60  per  cent  of  stones  and  bowlders.  Subsoil  is  a  heavy 
red  clay  or  clay  loam,  also  containing  rock  fragments.  This  type 
produces  good  general  farm  crops  when  cleared  of  stones. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (4) 21        32        29        15 

Subsoil  (4) 12        28        24        34 

Acres. 

Campobello,  S.  C 1, 805 

Lancaster  County,  Pa "4, 900 

Lebanon,  Pa 22, 500 

Cecil  sand.  ^ — Coarse  sand,  rather  loamy  in  character,  about  6 
inches  deep,  underlain  with  material  of  the  same  kind  but  of  lighter 
color,  and  this  in  turn  underlain  at  from  18  to  22  inches  with  a 
5'ellow  sandy  clay.  Residual  soil  derived  from  granite,  gneiss, 
and  mica  schist.     Usually  from  10  to  30  per  cent  of  quartz  and 

f<  Part  mapped  as  Hempfield  stony  loam  and  part  as  Manor  stony  loam, 
neither  of  which  names  will  again  be  used. 
'>  Mapped  as  Durham  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


84  Piedmont  Plateau  Soils. 

rock  fragments  in  both  soil  and  subsoil.     Good  for  cotton.     Fair 

soil   for  corn,   but  giving  low   yields.     Fairly  good   for  truck, 

especially  sweet  potatoes  and  watermelons,  and  has  been  used  to 

considerable  extent  for  bright  tobacco. 

1  i  i  A 

Soil  (16) 34  41  16  7 

Subsoil  (16) 22  28  16  31 

Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C 27, 840 

Alamance  County,  N.  C 84, 900 

Campobello,  S.  C 2, 086 

Gary,  X.  C 8, 090 


Acres. 

Hickory,  N.  C 7, 360 

Prince  Edward,  Va 20, 710 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C 20, 950 

Statesville,  N.  C 10, 560 


Cecil  sandy  loam. — Soil  is  a  sandy  loam  of  a  brownish  or  yellowish 
color,  6  to  15  inches  deep;  subsoil  is  a  clay  of  reddish  or  yellowish 
color,  containing  coarse  sand,  both  soil  and  subsoil  containing 
fragments  of  quartz.  There  is  usually  considerable  quartz  on  the 
surface.  High,  rolling  land  of  Piedmont  Plateau.  Derived  from 
granite,  gneiss,  and  other  metamorphosed  rocks.  Corn  and  cotton 
soil  of  the  southern  Piedmont.  Is  used  for  both  bright  and  dark 
shipping  tobacco  in  Virginia.  Lightest  desirable  soil  for  general 
farming  purposes. 

1  •_'  3  4 

Soil  (24) 33        37        19        11 

Subsoil  (24) 17        17        19        42 

Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C 236, 288 

Albemarle,  Va 47, 808 

Bedford,  Va 33, 740 


Campobello,  S.  C 85, 888 

Cary,  X.  C 26, 090 

Cobb  County,  Ga 23, 170 


Acres. 

Covington,  Ga 27, 500 

Hickory,  X.  C 355, 968 

Prince  Edward ,  Vu 91 ,  710 

Raleigh  to  Xewbern,  X.  C 15. 560 

Statesville,  X.  C 148, 910 


Cecil  loam. — Soil  is  a  loam,  or  heavy  sandy  loam,  of  brown  or 

yellow  color,  10  inches  deep;  heavy  loam  or  clay  loam  subsoil  of 

reddish  color,  both  soil  and  subsoil  containing  fragments  of  quartz, 

with  usually  considerable  quartz  on  the  surface.     High,  rolling 

land.     Derived  from  granite,  gneiss,  and  other  metamorphosed 

rocks.     Recognized  as  good  soil  for  general  farming  purposes,  but 

requires  careful  treatment.     Adapted  to  wheat,  corn,  and  grass. 

Used  extensively  for  tomatoes. 

1 

Soil  (12) 12 

Subsoil  (12) 12 


o 

;i 

4 

20 

44 

22 

19 

42 

26 

Cecil  Series. 


85 


Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 94,592 

Cecil  County,  Md 52, 600 

Harford  County,  Md 110, 320 


Acres. 

Leesburg,  Va 89,  600 

Trenton,  N.  J 13, 952 


Cecil  mica  loam. — Loose  brown  loam,  12  inches  deep,  underlain 
by  clay  loam,  both  soil  and  subsoil  consisting  largely  of  small 
fragments  of  muscovite  mica,  which  makes  them  soft  and  almost 
incoherent.  Rolling  land  of  Piedmont  Plateau.  Derived  from 
decomposition  of  highly  crystalline  rocks;  typically  developed  in 
Cecil  County,  Md.,  and  Lancaster  County,  Pa.  Recognized  as 
good  land  for  general  farming  purposes. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (8) 15        34        30        18 

Subsoil  (8) 22        33        26        16 


Acres. 

Cecil  County,  Md 10,000 

Harford  County,  Md 39, 930 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 10, 000 


Acres. 

Leesburg,  Va 4, 608 

Prince  George  County,  Md 600 


Cecil  silt  loam. — Light  yellowish-gray  to  white  silt  loam,  8  to  10 
inches  deep,  frequently  containing  from  10  to  30  per  cent  of  rock 
fragments.  The  subsoil  is  a  light  yellow  to  red  clay,  becoming 
heavier  with  depth.  Occupies  high,  rolling  areas.  Derived  from 
highly  metamorphosed  crystalHne  rocks.  Drainage  is  generally 
good.  Frequently  considerably  eroded.  Fair  to  poor  soil  for  cot- 
ton, corn,  and  wheat. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (4) 6        11        64        IT 

Subsoil  (4) 4  9        52        32 

Acres. 

Alamance  County,  N.  C « 7, 860 

Leesburg,  Va 4, 928 

Cecil  clay. — Clay  soil  of  reddish  color,  6  inches  deep;  stiff  tena- 
cious clay  subsoil,  of  red  color,  both  soil  and  subsoil  containing 
quartz  and  fragments  of  undecomposed  rock.  Occasional  rock 
areas  and  isolated  bowlders  or  ' '  niggerheads. ' '  High,  rolling  land. 
Derived  from  gabbro  and  other  erui:>tive  rocks.  Occurs  in  the 
Piedmont  Plateau.  Recognized  as  strongest  soil  of  this  region  for 
general  farming  purposes.     Adapted  to  grass,  wheat,  and  corn  in 


«  Mapped  as  Alamance  silt  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


86 


Plediiwnt  Plateau  Soils. 


Maryland  and  Pennsylvania;  export  tobacco  and  wheat  in  Vir- 
ginia; and  to  corn,  wheat,  and  cotton  in  the  Carolinas. 


Soil  (38) 16 

Subsoil  (39) 10 


•t 

« 

4 

■Hi 

27 

26 

17 

25 

43 

Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C 832, 992 

Albemarle,  Va 79,680 

Alamance  County,  N.  C 101, 370 

Bedford,  Va 142, 730 

Campobello,  S.  C 187, 443 

Cary,  N.  C 2, 960 

Cecil  County,  Md 12, 500 

Cobb  County,  Ga 166, 130 


Acres. 

Covington,  Ga 99, 930 

Harford  County,  Md 39, 890 

Hickory,  N.  C 120, 704 

Leesburg,  Va 32, 000 

Prince  Edward,  Va 31, 590 

Raleigh  to  Newbern,  N.  C 2, 030 

Statesville,  N.  C 289, 590 


PENN    SERIES. 

The  Penn  series  is  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  dark-red 
sandstone  or  shale.  In  productiveness  and  latitude  of  crop  adap- 
tation the  Penn  series  may  be  considered  as  somewhat  below  the 
Hagerstown  series  and  above  the  Cecil  series  for  soils  of  corre- 
sponding texture. 

Penn  stony  loam. — Very  stony  land,    hilly  to  mountainous    in 

character,  and  generally  covered  with  a  natural  forest  of  chestnut 

and  oak.     It  consists  of  a  rather  heavy  Indian-red  loam,  8  to  10 

inches  deep,  containing  from  30  to  60  per  cent  of  red  or  brown 

sandstone  fragments.     The  subsoil  is  of  much  the  same  character 

to  a  great  depth.     This  type  is  derived  from  the  more  siliceous  or 

hardened  phase  of  the  Triassic  sandstone.     It  is  well  adapted  to 

forestry  and  orcharding,   and   the  more  level  areas,    when  the 

stones  are  removed,  to  general  farm  crops. 

1 

Soil  (9) ■. 13 

Subsoil  (12). 17 

Acres.  Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts '«71,936 

Lebanon,  Pa 49, 160 


2 

3 

4 

26 

38 

23 

31 

29 

22 

Leesburg,  Va 1, 280 

Lockhaven,  Pa 6,080 

Trenton.  N.  .T 5, 632 


<' Mapped  as  Triassic  stony  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  liereafter  out- 
side the  Connecticut  Valley. 


Penn  Series.  87 

Penn  gravelly  loam. — A  dark-red  or  brown  sandy  loam,  8  to  10 
inches  deep,  of  medium  texture,  containing  from  10  to  60  per  cent 
of  small,  rounded  sandstone  gravel.  The  subsoil  is  a  dark  Indian- 
red  loam  or  clay  loam.  Occurs  as  high,  rolling  upland.  The 
drainage  is  good,  but  the  soil  is  inclined  to  ^vash  badly.  Derived 
generally  from  the  Triassic'  red  sandstone.  Produces  fair  yields 
of  corn,  wheat,  vegetables,  and  small  fruit. 

1        1'        :{        4 

Soil  (2) 16        38        27        20 

Subsoil  (2) 16        2(5        35        23 

Acres. 
Leesburg,  Va 704 

Penn  sandy  loam. — Soil  sandy  loam,  6  to  15  inches  deep,  under- 
lain by  heavier  loam  or  clay  loam,  usually  Indian-red  or  brown  in 
color;  sandstone  fragments  to  the  extent  of  5  to  20  per  cent  gener- 
ally present.  It  is  derived  from  the  Triassic  red  sandstone.  The 
surface  varies  from  rolling  to  moderately  hilly  land.  It  is  easily 
tilled.     Crops  are  of  good  ({uality,  but  light  yield. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (6) 26        35        23        Li 

Subsoil  (4) 27        23        23        26 

Acres.  [  Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 5, 568  1  Lebanon,  Pa 40, 590 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 576     Trenton,  N.  J 10, 816 

Penn  loam.  — Is  a  dark  Indian-red  loam,  8  to  12  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  Indian-red  clay  loam  subsoil.  Occasionally  con- 
tains 5  to  20  per  cent  of  sandstone  fragments.  Surface  gently 
rolling.  Derived  from  fine-grained  brown  or  red  sandstone  (Tri- 
assic). The  drainage  is  fair,  but  plowing  in  beds  is  generally 
practiced  to  assist  the  natural  drainage.  It  is  considered  almost 
equal  to  associated  limestone  soils  in  fertility. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (9) 12        20        47        22 

Subsoil  (9) 12        19        45        27 

Acres. 

Lebanon,  Pa 26, 890 

Leesburg,  Va 18, 880 

Trenton,  N.  J 171, 712 


88  Piedmont  Plateau  Soils. 

Penn  clay. — A  dark  Indian-red  to  dark  reddish  brown  heavy 
clay  about  8  inches  deep.  Subsoil  a  dark  Indian-red  clay,  grad- 
ing into  a  stiffer  clay.  Occupies  gently  rolling  upland  as  a  series 
of  low  ridges.  Drainage  good.  Of  residual  origin  from  Triassic  red 
sandstone  and  shale.     Wheat,  corn,  and  grass  are  principal  crops. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (7) 8        20        32        40 

Subsoil  (7) 8        15        27        49 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 16, 128 

Leesbiirg,  Va 1 1,  776 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 3,840 

MISCELLANEOUS   SOILS    OF   THE    PIEDMONT   PLATEAU. 

Loudoun  sandy  loam. — A  heavy  brown  or  gray  sandy  loam  8  to  10 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy  yellow  or  red  loam  or  clay  loam. 
There  is  a  considerable  variation  in  the  subsoil,  coarse  sand  often 
forming  so  large  a  proportion  as  to  give  it  almost  the  texture  of 
the  soil.  The  surface  material  is  not  a  loose  sandy  loam,  but  has 
the  properties  of  a  loam,  containing,  however,  considerable  quan- 
tities of  coarse  quartz  fragments.  The  soil  resembles  in  some 
respects  the  Cecil  sandy  loam  and  Cecil  loam  with  which  it  is  asso- 
ciated. Occurs  in  rolling  and  somewhat  hilly  areas,  generally 
well  drained.  Derived  from  the  weathering  of  a  coarse-textured 
schist  and  an  eruptive  crystalline  granite,  the  original  rock  con- 
taining a  large  amount  of  feldspar.  Good  soil  for  corn,  yielding 
from  40  to  50  bushels  per  acre.  It  is  too  little  retentive  of  moisture 
for  wheat,  which  produces  only  from  10  to  15  bushels.  It  is  a 
fairly  good  soil  for  grass  and  clover. 

1        2       :J        4 

Soil  (3) 32        24        25        20 

Subsoil  (3) 25        21        25        29 

Acres.    • 
Leesburfr,  Va 27,  968 

Worsham  sandy  loam. — (fray  sandy  loam,  generally  tine,  and  of 
soft,  whiti.^^h  ai)pearance,  having  a  depth  of  12  to  14  inches.  Sub- 
soil yellowish,  sticky,  sandy  loam  or  loam  to  a  stiff,  j^lastic,  yel- 
low clay,   mottled   with   white.     Residual  origin   from  granites, 


Miscellaneous  Soils.  89 

gneisses,  and  schists.     Originally  post-oak  land.     Clover,  grasses, 
hav,  and  pasturage. 

*  ^  *  12  3         4 

Soil  (2) 20        43        29  7 

Subsoil(2) 14        26        24        34 

Acres. 
Prince  Edward,  Va 8, 520 

Cardiff  slate  loam. — Heavy  yellowish-brown  loam,  having  a  depth 
of  8  or  10  inches,  underlain  by  heavy  yellow  silty  clay  to  a  depth 
of  3  feet  or  more.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  from  15  to  40  per 
cent  of  partially  decomposed  slate  fragments.  Formation  occurs 
on  prominent  narrow  ridges.  Derived  from  the  decomposition 
and  breaking  up  of  fine-grained  slate.  The  presence  of  the  slate 
fragments  in  the  soil  makes  quite  friable  what  would  otherwise  be 
a  refractory  clay.  iNIuch  of  the  area  is  forested  with  oak,  chest- 
nut, and  other  trees.     Produces  fair  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  rye, 

oats,  and  grass. 

1       •_'       :{        4 

Soil  (1) 3        4        56        31 

Subsoil  (1) 5        7        53        29 

Acres. 
Harford  County,  Md 1, 690 

Conowingo  barrens. — Loam  3  feet  or  more  in  depth,  frequently 
filled  with  fragments  of  broken  rock,  increasing  in  size  and  amount 
in  lower  depths;  often  there  is  no  soil  covering  over  the  broken 
fragments  of  rock.  Rolling  upland  of  Piedmont  Plateau.  Derived 
from  decomposition  of  serpentine  and  rocks  of  similar  nature. 
Generally  unproductive  and  frequently  worthless  for  agricultural 
purposes,  owing  to  slight  depth  of  soil  covering,  but  usually  ascribed 
to  preponderance  of  magnesia. 

Soil  (2) 8        16        50        23 

Subsoil  (2) 6        14        54        23 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 6, 976 

Cecil  County.  Md 2, 000 

Harford  County,  Md 3, 280 

Conowingo  clay. — Heavy  loam  or  red  clay,  3  feet  or  more  in 
depth.  High,  rolling  land  of  Piedmont  Plateau.  Derived  from 
decomposition  of  serpentine,  steatite,  and  similar  rocks;  typically 


90  Piedmont  Plateau  Soils. 

developed  in  Cecil  County,  Md.  Generally  strong  and  productive 
soil  for  general  agricultural  purposes.  The  difference  in  texture 
and  agricultural  value  between  this  type  and  the  Conowingo  bar- 
rens has  never  been  satisfactorily  explained. 

1 

Soil  (7) 19 

Subsoil  (7) 20 


2 

3 

4 

23 

35 

21 

17 

28 

32 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 6, 272 

Cecil  County,  Md 3, 000 


Acres. 

Harford  County,  Md ti,  oio 

Hickory,  N.  C 29,  952 


3 

4 

37 

14 

29 

42 

Davie  clay  loam. — Pale-yellow  loam  6  inches  in  depth,  underlain 
by  pale-yellow  friable  clay  which  becomes  red  and  heavier  in 
texture  in  lower  depths.  Soil  and  subsoil  contain  small  amounts 
of  broken  quartz  fragments.  Level  or  gently  rolling  uplands. 
Derived  from  decomposition  of  talc  schists  and  similar  rocks. 
Area  mostly  forested.  Produces  poor  crops  of  wheat,  corn,  and 
tobacco. 

1       1 

Soil  (4) 7        40 

Subsoil  (3) 3        24 

Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C 25, 856 

Statesville,  N.  C 3,370 

Iredell  clay  loam. — Dark-brown  loam  8  inches  deep,  containing 
small  rounded  iron  concretions  on  the  surface.  Subsoil  is  stiff, 
impervious  yellow  clay  24  inches  deep,  underlain  by  soft  decom- 
posed rock.  Level  or  slightly  rolling  areas.  Residual  soil  derived 
from  diorite  and  similar  eruptive  rocks.  Known  as  ' '  black-jack ' ' 
or  "beeswax"  land,  the  latter  term  being  suggestive  of  the  char- 
acter of  the  subsoil.  In  level  areas  inclined  to  be  swampy  on 
account  of  impervious  nature  of  clay  subsoil.  Considered  poor 
cotton,  corn,  and  wheat  land. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (10) Ls        37        35        12 

Subsoil  (10) 6        IS        27        45 


Acres. 

Abbeville,  S.  C 14, 848 

Alamance  County,  N.  C 18, 700 

Leesburg,  Va 18,048 


Acres. 

Prince  Edward,  Va 103, 070 

Statesville,  X.  C 22, 340 


Ajypidachiaii  Mountain  and  Plateau  Soils.        91 

APPALAl  HIAX  MOUxMAIX  AND  ( IMBEKLA\D  PLATEAU  SOILS. 

Two  large  series  have  been  encountered  in  the  Appalachian 
Mountain  and  Cumberland  Plateau,  viz,  the  Porters  series,  de- 
rived from  igneous  rocks,  and  the  De  Kalb  series,  derived  from 
sandstone  and  shales.  The  Porters  series  is  analagous  in  every 
way,  except  in  physiographic  position,  to  the  Cecil  series  of  the 
Piedmont  Plateau.  The  mountainous  character  of  the  country  in 
which  these  soils  are  found  renders  them  difficult  of  cultivation, 
and  the  cultivated  fields  are  small  in  extent.  The  soils  are  also  at 
a  much  higher  elevation,  and  so  are  influenced  more  or  less  by 
different  climatic  conditions.  On  the  more  level  and  less  elevated 
areas  wheat,  corn,  rye,  and  barley,  and  some  fruit,  particularly 
apples,  are  produced.  At  a  medium  elevation  and  under  suitable 
conditions  of  slope  and  exposure  fruit  is  the  principal  crop.  Graz- 
ing of  cattle  is  one  of  the  most  important  industries.  The  soils 
seem  eminently  adapted  to  fruit  culture,  and  this  industry  is 
rapidly  extending  and  is  destined  to  take  on  much  larger  j^ropor- 
tions. 

PORTERS    SERIES. 

Porters  stony  loam. — Grayish-yellow  sandy  loam,  10  inches  deep, 
mixed  with  fragments  of  sandstone  and  other  rocks.  Subsoil 
grades  from  reddish-brown  clay  loam  to  a  stiff  red  clay  in  lower 
depths,  and  contains  some  coarse  sand  and  a  large  percentage  of 
sandstone  fragments.  Rolling  valley  lands  and  gentle  slopes  of 
mountains.  Soil  is  colluvial,  derived  from  wash  from  mountains, 
Vjut  subsoil  is  derived  from  decomposition  of  underlying  rocks. 
Produces  good  crops — wheat,  corn,  'grass,  tobacco,  rye,  and  apples. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (9) 25        30        29        1-1 

Subsoil  (7) 17        25        27        26 


Acres. 

Alamance  County,  X.  C "4. 960 

Cobb  County,  Ga n  2, 020 


Acres. 

Hickory,  N.  C 25,152 

Statesville,  N.  C 8, 130 


Porters  sand. — Grayish-yellow  coarse  sand,  10  inches  in  depth, 
overlying  coarse  sand  and  masses  of  broken  rock.  Fraginents  of 
rock  and   huge    bowlders    scattered    on   the   surface.     Occupies 

('Mapped  as  Herndon  stony  loam,  ^v-hich  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 


92       AjjpalacJiian  Mountain  and  Plateau  Soils. 

mountain  slopes.     Is  derived  from  weathering  of  granite,  gneiss, 

and  similar  rocks.     AVhere  slopes  are  not  steep,  used  to  some 

extent  for  general  farming.     Formerly  bright  tobacco  was  grown. 

Adapted  to  peach  and  grape  culture. 

1 

Soil  (11) 41 

Subsoil  (11) 48 


2 

3 

4 

34 

14 

12 

33 

10 

8 

Acres. 

Hickory,  N.  C 11,264 

Mount  Mitchell.  N.  C 42,816 


Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 115, 136 

Asheville,  N.C 13,056 

Campobello,  S.  C 15, 238 

Porters  sandy  loam. — A  grayish-yellow  sandy  loam,  6  to  15  inches 
deep.  The  subsoil  is  a  tenacious  red  clay.  Both  soil  and  subsoil 
contain  fragments  of  quartz  and  other  rocks.  Occupies  mountain 
or  high,  rolling  lands.  A  residual  soil  from  igneous  rocks.  Wheat, 
corn,  oats,  rye,  potatoes,  and  fruit  are  the  principal  crops. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (19) 30        34        23        13 

Subsoil  (19) 24        29        24        23 

Acres.   I  Acres. 


Mount  Mitchell, N.C 76, 480 

Hickory,  N.C 49, 792 


Asheville,  N.C 41 , 792 

Bedford,  Va 46,150 

Campobello,  S.  C 13, 267 

Porters  loam. — A  dark-red  or  gray  loam,  6  to  15  inches  deep. 
Subsoil  is  a  tenacious  red  clay.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain 
fragments  of  (juartz  and  other  rocks.  Occupies  mountain  or  high, 
rolling  lands.  Derived  from  igneous  rocks.  Wheat,  corn,  oats, 
rye,  potatoes,  and  fruit  are  the  principal  crops. 

1 

Soil  (3) .'. 22 

Subsoil  (3) 16 

Acres. 
Asheville,  N.C 180,416 

Porters  black  loam. — Rich,  dark  loam,  15  inches  deep,  mixed 
with  rounded  and  angular  fragments  of  rock,  often  several  feet  in 
diameter.  Subsoil  is  a  yellowish-brown  or  reddish  clay  loam, 
containing  a  large  percentage  of  rocks.  Steep  slopes  of  higher 
mountains.  Residual  soil  derived  from  granite,  gneiss,  and  similar 
rocks.  Fertile  soil,  but  slopes  are  too  steep  and  stony  to  admit  of 
extensive  cultivation  for  general  farm  crops.     Especially  adapted 


2 

3 

4 

29 

24 

25 

21 

20 

44 

De  Kalb  Series.  93 

to  apples,  particularly  the  Albemarle  pippin.  For  this  apple  the 
small  coves  on  the  east  side  of  the  mountains  are  considered  most 
desirable.  Where  exposed  on  the  top  of  mountains  it  has  little 
value  for  fruit,  and  is  used  only  for  grazing. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (lo) 22        27        25        24 

Subsoil  (12) 23        25        26        26 


Acres. 

Hickory,  X.  C 512 

Mount  Mitchell,  N.  C 87, 808 


Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 68,  736 

Asheville,  X.  C 24,064 

Bedford,  Va 8, 270 

Porters  clay. — Reddish-brown  clay  loam,  6  inches  deep,  under- 
lain by  stiff,  tenacious  red  clay  to  a  depth  of  20  inches  or  more. 
Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  a  large  percentage  of  stone.  Occu- 
pies mountain  slopes.  Residual  soil  derived  from  granite  and 
other  crystalline  rocks.  When  not  too  stony  and  rough,  good 
soil  for  corn,  wheat,  and  grass.  One  of  the  important  apple  soils 
of  the  mountains,  particularly  for  Winesap  and  similar  types 
of  apples. 

Soil  (17) 17 

Subsoil  (17) 14 


2 

3 

4 

23 

27 

31 

18 

24 

43 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 32, 512 

Asheville,  X.  C 49, 152 

Bedford,  Va a 28, 240 


Acres. 

Campobello,  S.  C 13,005 

Leesburg,  Va 2, 752 

Mount  Mitchell,  N.  C 106, 176 


DE    KALB    SERIES. 

The  De  Kalb  soils  occur  in  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  Cum- 
berland Plateau,  and  are  formed  from  the  disintegration  of  sand- 
stones and  shales.  The  soils  are  not  very  productive,  and,  wdth 
one  exception,  do  not  seem  to  be  adapted  to  any  particular  crop 
or  class  of  crops. 

De  Kalb  stony  loam. — Gray  to  white  sandy  loam,  6  to  10  inches 
deep,  grading  into  a  subsoil  of  the  same  texture  and  color,  or  intx) 
red  or  yellow  clay.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  a  large  quantity 
of  fragments  of  sandstone,conglomerate,  and  sandy  calcareous  shale. 
The  soil  frequently  rests  directly  upon  a  broken  mass  of  rock.     The 

a  Mapped  as  Porters  red  clay,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


94       Aj)palachian  Mountain  and  Plateau  Soils. 

topography  is  very  rough  and  broken.     Owing  to  the  physiograpliic 

position  and  its  very  stony  nature,  the  soil  is  not  very  productive, 

although  where  the  clay  subsoil  prevails  and  a  part  of  the  stones 

are  removed  fair  crops  are  produced.     The  sandy  and  sandy  loam 

phases  with  proper  location  and  elevation  are  well  adapted  to 

peaches.     Wheat,  where  grown,  produces  a  small  yield  of  bright, 

heavy  grain.     The  native  growth  consists  mainly  of  chestnut  and 

white  oak,  with  some  hickory,  black  gum,  and  red  oak. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (15) 14        33        31        22 

Sabsoil  (14) 14        31        28        27 


Acres. 

Albemarle,  Ya "  134, 656 

Lancaster  County,  Pa «  13, 000 

Lebanon,  Pa rf20,300 

Leesburg,  Va 19, 072 


Acres. 

Lockhaven,  Pa Ill, 872 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 37. 120 

Pikeville,  Tenn 32, 128 


De  Kalb  sandy  loam. — Gray  to  reddish-brown  sandy  loam  of 
medium  to  fine  texture,  9  to  12  inches  deep,  resting  on  a  yellowish- 
brown  slightly  sticky  sandy  loam.  Occurs  in  rather  level  areas. 
Residual  in  origin,  derived  from  sandstone  rock.  Occasionally 
broken  sandstone  lies  directly  under  the  surface  soil.  Soil  is  easily 
cultivated  and  responds  readily  to  fertilizers,  but  is  not  very  pro- 
ductive. Some  W'heat  is  grown  which  produces  not  more  than  7 
bushels  per  acre  on  the  average.  The  yield  of  corn  rarely  exceeds 
15  or  20  bushels,  while  cotton  gives  from  200  to  350  pounds  lint 
per  acre.  This  soil  is  adapted  to  vegetables,  and  very  well  adapted 
to  apples  and  peaches. 

1         2 

Soil  (6) 16        38 

Subsoil  (6) 15        34 

Acres. 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 182,  656 

Pikeville,  Tenn 163, 392 

De  Kalb  fine  sandy  loam. — Fine  compact  sandy  loam,  8  to  12 
inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  subsoil  of  similar  material,  becoming 
more  loamy  as  the  depth  increases.  Derived  from  sandstone. 
Soil  naturally  not  productive,  and  small  crops  are  o])tained  unless 
heavily  fertilized.     With  proper  cultivation  fairly  well  adapted  to 


3 

4 

30 

17 

29 

23 

n  Mapperl  as  Kdgemojit  stony  loam,  -which  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 


Residual  Limestone  Valley  and  Zfpland.  95 

fruit  and  truck.     The  principal  timber  so  far  seen  is  chestnut  and 

oak. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (1) ' 11        52        25        12 

Siibsoil  (1) 7        44        34        15 

Acres. 
Hnntsville,  Ala 2,240 

De  Kalb  clay  loam. — Yellowish-brown  fine  sandy  or  silty  loam  10 
to  15  inches  deep,  resting  on  a  yellow  clay  loam  subsoil.  Occupies 
valleys  and  valley  slopes.  Wash  from  sandstone  hills.  The  soil 
is  locally  termed  "glades."  The  drainage  is  generally  poor. 
Very  little  of  the  type  is  under  cultivation.  Well-drained  lields 
produce  from  30  to  even  50  bushels  of  corn  per  acre.  Well  adapted 
to  grass,  and  good  yields  of  hay  are  secured.  Native  vegetation  is 
a  rank  growth  of  sedge  grasses. 

1        2        :j        4 

Soil  (2) 13        20        40        27 

Subsoil  (2) 13        17        38        33 

Acres. 
Pikeville,  Tenn 17, 024 

MISCELLANEOUS   SOILS    OF    THE    APPALACHIAN    MOUNTAINS   AND    CUM- 
BERLAND   PLATEAU. 

Chattooga  loam. — Yellowish-brown  to  gray  sandy  loam  grading 
into  a  loam  at  about  10  inches.  A  heavier  phase  of  the  type 
occurs  in  the  low-lying  areas.  The  sand  varies  in  texture  from 
medium  to  fine.  The  subsoil  contains  sufficient  clay  to  make  it  a 
heavy  coherent  loam.  Occurs  as  a  bottom  or  river  terrace  soil. 
Subject  to  occasional  overflow.  Derived  in  part  from  the  weather- 
ing of  shale  and  in  part  as  alluvial  material  from  the  same  source. 
Fairly  productive  for  corn. 

1       2       ;{       4 

Soil  (2) -. 6        45        35        14 

Subsoil  (2) 4        30        39        28 

Acres. 
Fort  Payne,  Ala 5, 696 

KESiniAL  LDIEKTONK  VALLEY  A>D  UPLAND  SOILS. 

There  are  three  important  series  of  soils  derived  from  lime- 
stone. The  Hagerstown  series  is  formed  mainly  from  the  solu- 
tion and  subsequent  filtration  of  pure  massive  limestone  and  the 


96  Rtsidual  Limestone  Valley  and  Upland. 

disintegration  of  the  interbedded  shale.  These  soils,  as  a  rule, 
occur  in  valleys  bordered  by  areas  of  the  more  resistant  sand- 
stones and  shales.  They  form  one  of  the  most  productive  series  of 
soils  in  the  United  States  for  the  general  farm  crops.  These  soils 
are  liable  to  be  encountered  in  small  areas  in  the  Piedmont  Pla- 
teau, and  occupy  very  extensive  areas  of  rolling  country  in  middle 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  The  most  productive  valley  phase 
occurs  in  the  large  valley  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the 
Allegheny  mountains. 

The  Fort  Payne  series  is  derived  mainly  from  the  disintegration 
of  magnesium  limestone  (dolomite),  which  is  usually  very  impure 
and  cherty.  This  gives  rise  to  a  very  rough  and  even  mountain- 
ous topography,  with  generally  stony  soils.  In  productiveness 
this  series  is  far  below  the  Hagerstown  series. 

The  Clarksville  series,  derived  mainly  from  the  St.  Louis  group 
of  the  sub-Carboniferous,  occupies  both  level  upland  areas  and 
rough,  hilly  country.  Soils  with  the  latter  surface  features  are 
generally  unproductive  and  very  stony,  but  admirably  adapted  to 
fruit,  especially  to  apples.  The  soil  types  in  this  series  occupy- 
ing level  or  gently  rolling  areas,  formed  from  a  less  impure  lime- 
stone, are  as  a  rule  very  productive  and  adapted  to  wheat,  corn, 
and  tobacco. 

HAGERSTOWN   SERIES. 

Hagerstown  stony  loam. — A  fine  sandy  loam  to  line  loam,  8 
inches  deep,  brown  or  light-gray  to  yellowish  in  color.  Subsoil  a 
yellowish-red  clay  loam  to  a  stiff  red  clay.  Soil  and  subsoil  con- 
tain angular  fragments  of  cherty  material.  Occupies  valleys  and 
rolling  uplands.  Drainage  good.  Derived  from  weathering  of 
impure  or  cherty  veins  in  areas  of  pure  massive  limestone. 
Wheat  and  corn  principal  crops,  of  which  small  yields  are  ob- 
tained.    Best  adapted  to  fi'uit,  especially  apples. 

1-234 

Soil  (9) 7        15        50        28 

Subsoil  (9) 5        11        38        46 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Vu 59, 136 

Bedford,  Va "  11, 950 

Huntsville,  Ala -11,984 


Acres. 

Lockhaven,  Pa 22, 016 

Pikcvillc.  Tcnn 27,  392 


(iMai)ped  as  Murrill  stony  loam,  wliich  luiiiu'  will  not  boused  hereafter. 


Ilagerstoimi  Series. 


9'r 


Hagersv,own  sandy  loam. — A  fine  sandy  loam,  about  12  inches 
deep,  of  a  gray  to  yellowish  or  light-brown  color.  Subsoil  a 
yellowish-red  clay,  grading  into  a  stiff  red  clay.  Occupies  some 
of  the  higher  ridges  of  the  valley.  Good  drainage.  Of  residual 
and  colluvial  origin  from  limestone  debris.  Wheat,  corn,  and 
grass  are  grown.     Adapted  to  fruit,  particularly  peaches. 


Soil  (10) .15 

Subsoil  (10) 8 


't 

:J 

4 

39 

32 

13 

23 

31 

38 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 65, 504 

Bedford,  Va '^(  11, 910 

Huntsville,  Ala 8, 064 


Acres, 

Leesburg,  Va 1, 216 

Pikeville,  Tenn 5, 760 


Hagerstown  loam. — Brown  or  yellow  loam  12  inches  deep,  yel- 
low clay  loam  to  24  inches,  underlain  by  stiff,  tenacious  red  clay. 
Rolling  valley  land  and  uplands.  Derived  from  weathering  of 
pure  massive  limestone.  Typical  corn  land  of  central  Pennsyl- 
vania, Maryland,  and  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  of  Virginia.  One 
of  the  best  types  of  general  farming  lands  in  the  Eastern  States. 
Produces  corn,  tobacco,  wheat,  and  grass. 


Soil  (29) 6 

Subsoil  (29) 6 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 30,  784 

Bedford,  Va 40, 520 

Davidson  County,  Tenn 123, 264 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 21, 632 

Huntsville,  Ala 138, 944 

Lancaster  Countv,  Pa 45, 000 


2 

3 

4 

14 

51 

27 

12 

42 

37 

Acres. 

Lebanon,  Pa 93,110 

Leesburg,  Va 4, 864 

Mason  County,  Ky 24, 284 

Pikeville,  Tenn 20,  .352 

Scott  County,  Ky 76, 800 


Hagerstown  silt  loam, — The  soil  is  a  yellowish-gray  silty  loam 
from  8  to  10  inches  deep,  resting  on  a  stratum  of  yellow  clay  loam 
from  6  to  12  inches  thick,  which  is  in  turn  underlain  by  a  yellow 
clay.  At  a  depth  of  3  to  10  feet  a  stiff  red  clay  is  found.  Through- 
out the  soil  and  subsoil,  over  probably  50  per  cent  of  the  area, 
occur  varying  proportions  of  gravel  and  small  fragments  of  chert 
and  cherty  limestone,  Tn  its  virgin  condition  the  soil  has  a  greasy 
feel  and  is  quite  loamy,  but  after  cultivation  the  texture  becomes 


"Mapped  asMurrill  sandy  loam,  -which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 
31896—04 7 


98  Residual  Limestone  Valley  and  Upland. 

that  of  a  heavy  shandy  loam.  It  is  seldom  that  the  stones  in  the 
soil  are  numerous  enough  to  interfere  with  cultivation.  The  sur- 
face is,  on  the  whole,  flat  or  gently  rolUng.  The  soil  is  known 
locally  as  the  "barrens."  It  varies  considerably  in  productive- 
ness, hni  at  best  the  yields  are  low.  Corn  gives  from  10  to  15 
bushels,  and  cotton  about  one-fourth  bale  per  acre.  Truck  and 
fruit  are  also  grown  to  some  extent. 

1 

Soil  (3)  ..-• 3 

Subsoil  (3) 7 

Acres. 
Huntsville,  Ala 59,520 

Hagerstown  shale  loam. — Loam  12  inches  deep,  containing  20  to 
60  per  cent  of  fragments  of  shale,  resting  upon  a  mass  of  broken 
shale.  Ridges  in  limestone  valley.  Thin,  dry  soil,  derived  from 
disintegration  of  shales,  requiring  very  thorough  cultivation,  but 
when  so  cultivated  adapted  fairly  well  to  general  agricultural 
purposes. 

1        :.'       3        4 

Soil  (17) - H        13        42        28 

Subsoil  (10) 13        13        41        31 


2 

3 

4 

15 

63 

18 

15 

56 

22 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 75, 328 

Bedford,  Va 25, 370 

Bigflats,  N.  y lOS.  800 

Lancaster  County,  Pa .'. . .     15. 000 


Acres. 

Lebanon,  Pa 142, 210 

Leesburg,  Va 8, 000 

Lockhaven,  Pa 25, 728 


Hagerstown  clay  loam. — Heavy  reddish  clay,  24  inches  deep, 
overlying  stiff,  tenacious  red  clay.  Rolling  valley  land.  Derived 
from  weathering  of  pure  massive  limestone.  Recognized  as  one 
of  the  strongest  soils  for  general  agricultural  purposes.  AVell 
known  for  large  crops  of  wheat  and  corn. 

1        •_' 

Soil  (2 ) (!        12 

Subsoil  (3) (>        13 

Acres. 
Lancaster  County,  Pa 21,000 

Hagerstown  clay. — Heavy  red  loam  or  clay  12  inches  deep,  un- 
derlain l)y  stiff,  tenacious  red  clay.     Rolling  valley  land.     Derived 


3 

4 

63 

15 

49 

26 

Soils  Associated  with  the  Ilagerstoimi  Series.      99 

from  weathering  of  pure  massive  limestone.     Recognized  as  one 
of  the  strongest  soils  for  general  agricultural  purposes. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (28) 4        13        51        31 

Subsoil  (21 )  3        10        39        47 

Acres. 

Albemarle,  Va 25, 920 

Bedford,  Va 19,210 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 3, 968 

Huntsville,  Ala 9, 024 


Acres. 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 2, 000 

Leesburg,  Va 4, 224 

Mason  County,  Ky 115, 648 

Scott  County,  Ky 102, 528 


3 

4 

30 

19 

26 

19 

SOILS    ASSOCIATED    WITH    THE   HAGERSTOWN    SERIES. 

Dauphin  sandy  loam. — Sandy  shale  loam,  6  to  15  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  the  same  material  slightly  heavier.  It  is  derived 
from  a  formation  consisting  of  alternate  beds,  each  6  inches  or 
more  in  thickness,  of  sandstone  and  shale.  It  is  easily  tilled, 
and  is  adapted  to  a  wide  range  of  crops,  ac  well  as  possessing 
qualities  suited  for  certain  kinds  of  trucking  and  the  growing  of 
wrapper-leaf  tobacco. 

12 

Soil  (2) 18        29 

Subsoil  (2) 33        25 

Acres. 
Lebanon,  Pa 11, 220 

Cumberland  loam. — A  brown,  rather  mellow  loam,  6  to  15  inches 
in  depth,  underlain  by  a  brown  to  reddish-brown  silty  clay  subsoil. 
Some  rounded  gravel  occurs  in  both  soil  and  subsoil.  Occupies 
second  bottoms  along  the  Cumberland  River,  occurring  mainly 
in  the  horseshoe  bends.  The  surface  is  generally  rolling  and  the 
drainage  is  excellent,  the  soil  retaining  enough  moisture  to  resist 
to  a  marked  extent  the  effects  of  drought.  An  older  sedimentary 
soil  made  up  of  materials  washed  from  the  adjacent  uplands  inter- 
mingled with  materials  brought  by  the  river  from  greater  dis- 
tance. The  type  has  a  wide  crop  adaptation.  It  produces  well 
the  general  farm  crops,  while  also  used  for  truck  crops  and  small 
and  orchard  fruits.  Corn  yields  from  20  to  40  bushels,  wheat 
15  to  25  bushels,  and  hay  1  to  H  tons  per  acre. 

1         2 

Soil  (2) 8        40 

Subsoil  (2) 6        29 

Acres. 
Davidson  County,  Tenn  ... 44,992 


3 

4 

37 

15 

37 

30 

100        Residual  Limestone  Valley  and  Uiyland. 

Davidson  loam. — A  brown  to  reddish-brown  silty  loam,  under- 
lain by  a  brown  or  reddish-brown  silty  clay  subsoil.  Both  soil  and 
subsoil  usually  contain  from  5  to  20  per  cent  of  limestone  frag- 
ments and  smaller  particles  of  siliceous  rock,  the  former  about  1^ 
inches  in  diameter.  The  soil  is  usually  considerably  lighter  than 
the  Hagerstown  loam,  and  the  subsoil  is  rather  more  friable  and 
porous.  The  surface  is  gently  rolling,  and  naturally  well-drained 
by  many  small  streams,  flowing  in  channels  not  deeply  eroded. 
The  subsoil  is  fairly  retentive  of  moisture.  The  type  is  derived 
from  blue  fossiliferous  limestone,  in  which  is  interbedded  a  sili- 
ceous rock,  having  in  some  instances  the  character  of  sandstone. 
Not  quite  so  productive  a  soil  as  the  Hagerstown  loam,  but  ranks 
high  in  the  production  of  corn,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  melons, 
and  small  and  orchard  fruits.  It  is  also  a  good  soil  for  hay  and 
forage  crops. 

1-234 

Soil  (2) 4        26        51        20 

Subsoil  (2)  5        22        13        30 

Acres. 
Davidson  County,  Tenn 39, 936 

Conestoga  loam. — Brown  loam,  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by 
liglit  clay  loam  to  depth  of  30  inches,  grading  into  decomposed 
schist.  Rolling  valley  land.  Derived  from  decomposition  of  lime- 
stone schist;  has  a  greasy  or  soapy  feel  when  rubbed  between 
the  fingers.  Recognized  as  one  of  the  best  soils  for  general  agri- 
cultural purposes. 

1        •-'        :i        4 

Soil  (2) (i        30        50        11 

Subsoil  (2) 5        31        15        13 . 

Acres. 
Lancaster  County,  Ta 51 ,  030 

Lickdale  clay  loam.— Is  a  silty  loam,  (>  to  10  inches  in  depth, 
underlain  by  a  mottled  yellow  clay.  It  occurs  in  small  extent  at 
the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge  ^Mountains,  and  is  derived  from  the 
wash  of  the  mountains  and  the  adjacent  shale  formations.  vSome- 
times  fragments  of  gray  sandstones  are  present  to  the  extent  of 
from  5  to  20  per  cent.  It  is  low  lying,  flat  land,  and  poorly  drained. 
Naturally  it  is  very  refractory,  and  is  suited  only  to  grass  and 


I       '     '  ,   '     '      1      . 

3    >  >  J        > 


lit 


J  J 


pasture,  but  when  artificially  drained  it  V)ecomes  mellow  and  i)ro- 

duces  quite  a  wide  range  of  crops. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 6        11        52        24 

Subsoil  (3) 5         7        38        48 

Acres. 

Lebanan,  Pa 3, 920 

Loekhaven,  Pa 1,981 

Murrill  clay  loam. — Yellowish-brown  clay  loam,  10  inches  deep, 
overlying  yellow  clay  loam,  increasing  in  clay  content  in  lower 
depths.  Both  soil  and  subsoil  often  contain  small  fragments  of 
shale  and  chert.  Derived  from  weathering  of  shales  and  cherty 
limestone.  Rolling  valley  lands.  Fertile  soil;  produces  good 
crops  of  wheat,  corn,  grass,  dark  manufacturing  tobacco,  and 
apples. 

I         '1  3         4 

Soil  (3) 13        15        42        27 

Subsoil  (3) 12        11        30        43 

Acres. 
Bedford,  Va 15,  720 

Conestoga  clay. — A  yellowish  to  dark-brown  cla}"  loam,  about  7 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  yellow  to  reddish-yellow  tenacious 
clay,  usually  not  exceeding  a  depth  of  24  inches.  On  ridges  the 
rock  is  usually  found  at  an  average  depth  of  10  inches.  Occuj^ies 
the  lower  and  gently  rolling  portions  of  the  valleys.  Higher 
areas  well  drained.  Of  residual  origin  from  limestone  schist. 
Wheat  and  grass  princij^al  crops. 

1        2         3         4 

Soil  (4) 9        7        43        41 

Subsoil  (3) 7        5        37        51 

Acres. 
Albemarle,  Va 16, 960 

FORT    PAYNE    SERIES. 

Fort  Payne  stony  loam. — The  surface  soil  is  a  gray  to  light-brown 
silty  loam,  10  to  14  inches  deep,  containing  a  high  percentage  of 
chert.  The  subsoil — a"much  heavier  yellowish-red  loam  or  clay — 
also  contains  quantities  of  chert  fragments.  The  surface  is  strewn 
with  from  30  to  50  per  cent  of  the  same  rock  fragments.     Occupies 


V>1        H^sidnctl  L'imestone  Yalley  and  Upland. 

very  broken  country,  consisting  of  hills,  ridges,  and  intervening 
valleys.  Owing  to  the  stony  character  of  this  soil  and  the  unfa- 
vorable surface  features,  but  little  of  it  is  under  cultivation.  On 
steep  slopes  erosion  does  much  damage,  and  only  on  the  more 
level  areas  can  the  cultivation  of  the  type  be  recommended.  The 
soil  is  derived  from  the  Knox  dolomite,  a  limestone  rock  contain- 
ing a  large  quantity  of  difficultly  soluble  material  known  as  chert. 
The  native  growth  is  Spanish  and  black-jack  oak,  pine,  and  chest- 
nut. Cotton,  corn,  and  some  wheat  are  grown,  but  tlie  yields 
are  light.  The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  fruit,  and  especially  to 
peaches. 

1  *2  3         4 

Soil  (3) 13        15        43        29 

Subsoil  (3) 10        14        43        33 

Acres. 
Fort  Payne,  Ala 6S,  864 

CLARKSVILLE    SERIES. 

Clarksville    stony  loam. — Light-yellow   silty   loam   6   inches   in 

depth,  overlying  heavy  yellowish-red  clay  3  feet  or  more  in  depth. 

Both  soil  and  subsoil  contain  20  to  50  per  cent  of  angular  fragments 

of  chert.     Rough,  broken  country,  with  deep-cut,  narrow  valleys. 

Residual  soil  derived  from  cherty  limestone.     High,  well-drained 

country,  originally  heavily  forested  Avith  oak  and  chestnut.     Soils 

are  thin  and  stony  and  of  little  general  agricultural  value,  and  at 

present  largely  covered  with  thick  second  growth  of  oak  timber. 

Adapted  to  ai)ples  and  peaches. 

1 

Soil  (13) 5 

Subsoil  (14 ) . .  5 


•> 

S 

4 

14 

65 

16 

13 

51 

30 

Acres. 

Clarksville,  Tenn 66, 450 

Davidson  County,  Tenn 99,  S40 

Dubuque,  Iowa 60, 672 


Acres. 

Howell  County,  Mo 499, 264 

Wichita,  Kans 4, 352 


Clarksville  loam. — Rich,  dark-brown  silty  loam  12  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  brown  loam,  heavier  in  texture,  to  a  depth  of  3  to  6 
or  more  feet.  Occurs  as  well-marked  bottom  lands  along  rivers 
and  their  larger  tributaries,  (ienerally  well  drained,  but  subject 
to  occasional  overflow.     Alluvial  deposit  laid  down  by  rivers  along 


Clarhsville  Series ~ 

which  it  occurs.     FirxC  land,  for  corn  and  hay,  but  at  present  Httle 
used  for  other  crojDS. 

Soil  (9) ". 

Subsoil  (9) 


1 

o 

3 

4 

2 

16 

56 

25 

2 

13 

50 

34 

Acres. 

Clarksville,  Tenn 17, 090 

Davidson  County,  Tenn 12, 864 

Fort  Payne,  Ala 4, 992 


Acres. 

Howell  County,  Mo 48, 512 

Pikeville,  Tenn 1, 280 


Clarksville  silt  loam. — Yellowish-gray  silt  loam  7  inches  in  depth, 
underlain  b\'  brownish-yellow,  heavy  silt  loam  to  a  depth  of  24 
inches,  overlying  heavy  red  clay  loam  3  feet  or  more  in  depth. 
Deep  subsoil  often  contains  fragments  of  chert.  Residual  soil  de- 
rived from  limestone,  or  loess  covering  over  limestone.  Well 
drained.  Naturally  strong,  fertile  soil,  but  needs  careful  treatment 
to  maintain  fertility.     Well  adapted  to  corn,  wheat,  and  grass. 


Soil  (4) 

-.4        9 

69 

16 

Subsoil  (4). 

..4        9 

57 

•^7 

Acres. 

Clarksville,  Tenn 

233, 410 

Howell  County,  Mo 

40, 384 

Clarksville  clay  loam. — Heavy  reddish-brown  loam  8  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  heavy  red  clay  loam  to  depth  of  3  feet  or  more,  clay 
content  increasing  at  lower  depths.  Typically  developed  in  north- 
ern portion  of  Montgomery  County,  Tenn. ,  along  Kentucky  bound- 
ary line.  Gently  undulating  country,  usually  well  drained.  Deep 
residual  soil  derived  from  decomposition  of  limestone.  On  account 
of  scarcity  of  timber  at  time  of  discovery  has  always  been  known 
as  the  ''Barrens."  Strong,  fertile  soil,  considered  best  general 
farm  land  of  the  locality.  Tobacco  of  the  export  variety  pro- 
duces heavy  yield,  but  not  a  superior  quality  of  leaf. 

1        L'         3  4 

Soil  (2) 2        6        72        16 

Subsoil  (2) 6        5        66        25 

Acres. 
Clarksville,  Tenn 27, 460 

Clarksville  clay. — A  heavy  brown  or  brownish-gray  loam,  with 
a  depth  of  12  inches,  resting  on  a  drab  or  yellowish-drab  clay 


lO'l        ,  ,     .    .  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

loam  or  clay.  Occurs  on  river  terraces  from  20  to  30  feet  above 
water  level."  Some  depressed  areas  contain  sloughs  and  ponds, 
but  the  greater  part  is  well  drained  and  under  cultivation.  Still 
subject  to  inundation  during  winter  and  spring.  The  type  is  a 
fine  corn  soil,  producing  from  40  to  60  bushels.  Some  cotton  is 
grown,  the  yields  varying  from  one-half  bale  to  1  bale  per  acre, 
but  the  soil  is  too  late  and  cold  for  the  best  results  with  this  crop. 
From  1  to  2  tons  of  hay  are  cut  on  some  areas  of  this  type.  The 
native  growth  is  oak,  gum,  and  hickory. 


1 

^ 

3 

4 

1 

7 

56 

36 

2 

/ 

16 

44 

Soil  (3) 

Subsoil  (3) 

Acres. 
Huntsville,  Ala 11,840 

.SOIL    ASSOCIATED    WITH    THE    (^LARKSVILLE   SERIES. 

Guthrie  clay. — Soil  is  a  light-gray  or  grayish-white,  fine  silty  loam 
having  a  depth  of  7  inches,  underlain  by  a  heavy  silty  clay,  plastic 
and  impervious.  The  subsoil  varies  in  color  from  a  gray  to  drab, 
mottled  with  yellowish  iron  stains.  Occupies  low,  flat  areas  on 
the  uplands.  Soil  is  derived  from  decomposition  of  limestone. 
On  account  of  low,  wet  condition  it  is  of  little  agricultural  value 
unless  thoroughly  drained.  In  favorable  seasons  some  corn  and 
tol^acco  are  grown.  Area  largely  covered  by  hickory,  sweet  gum, 
and  oak.     Land  generally  referred  to  as  "crawfishy." 

1       •-'        :{        4 

Soil  (9) '1        11        65        21 

Subsoil  (9) -1         y        58        30 


Acres. 

Clarksville,  Tenii 5, 800 

Huatsville,  Ala 10, 048 


Acres. 

Posey  County,  ln<l 14,  .592 

Stuttgart,  Ark 27, 904 


GLACIAL  AM)  LOKSSLiL  SOILS. 

Under  this  head  will  be  included  all  soils  derived  directly 
from  glacial  material  and  from  loess,  occurring  generally  in  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  basin,  in  the  New  l^ngland  States,  and 
in  the  glacial  portions  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jer- 
sey. There  are  four  or  five  great  series  of  soils  of  very  uniform 
character  and  (piite  a  large  number  of  soils  of  local  origin  which 
can  not  be  i)ut  into  any  series. 


Miami  Series.  105 

MIAMI   SERIES. 

The  Miami  series  is  composed  of  light-colored  glacial  material, 
occurring  on  the  rolling  or  level  uplands,  or  in  the  alluvial  bot- 
toms or  terraces  along  the  streams  in  the  glaciated  area. 

Miami  stony  loam. — Ten  inches  of  silty  loam,  underlain  by  heavy 
red  clay,  slightly  silty,  to  a  depth  of  30  inches,  in  turn  underlain 
b}^  beds  of  consolidated  gravel.  From  20  to  60  per  cent  of 
rounded  and  angular  stones  on  the  surface,  and  mixed  with  both 
soil  and  subsoil.  Stones  vary  from  1  to  8  inches  in  diameter. 
Surface  generally  consists  of  large  rounded  hills  and  table-lands, 
and  of  gently  rolling  lands  at  lower  levels.  Chiefly  derived  from 
morainic  material.  Soil  is  very  productive.  Good  crops  of  corn, 
wheat,  grass,  oats,  and  fruit,  ]>articularly  apples,  are  grown.  This 
type  al.so  affords  excellent  pasture. 

1  2  3         4 

Soil  (10) 11!        26        46        16 

Subsoil  (11) 18        26        39        17 


Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich «  76,  790 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 52, 032 


Acres. 

Lyons,  N.  Y 158, 400 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 78, 464 


Miami  gravel. — A  medium  grade  sandy  loam  0  to  12  inches  deep, 
containing  50  per  cent  of  gravel  from  one-half  inch  to  2  inches  in 
diameter.  Has  a  subsoil  of  cross-bedded  sand  and  gravel,  the  lat- 
ter coated  with  calcium  carbonate.  Occurs  only  in  small  areas  and 
is  the  outcrop  of  reworked  glacial  gravels  in  river  cliffs.  For  the 
most  part  uncultivated.  Adapted  to  the  growth  of  grapes  and 
peaches.     Slight  value  for  general  farming. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (2) .28         34        32  7 

Subsoil  (2) 33        30        27        11 

Acres    i  Acres, 


.Tanesville,  Wis '-  9, 924 


Winnebago  County,  111 5, 184 


Tazewell  County,  111 &  1, 088     Pontiac,  Mich c  6, 912 

Miami  gravell  loam. — Brown  or  reddish  loam,  12  inches  deep, 
with  15  to  30  r)r  j-nt  of  rounded  gravel,  underlain  to  a  depth  of 
24  inches  by  a  s:  i,  tenacious  clay  loam,  which  is  in  turn  under- 

"  Mapped  as  Allegan  stony  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 

&  Mapped  as  Mackinaw  gravel,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 

f  Mapped  as  Allegan  gravelly  loam,  which  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 


106 


Glacial  and  Loess lal  Soils. 


lain  by  a  layer  of  gravel.  Level  or  gently  rolling  rivei  terraces. 
Originally  glacial  material,  worked  over  by  the  streams.  Recog- 
nized as  fine  land  for  general  farm  purposes. 


Soil  (10)  ... 
Subsoil  (8). 


•> 

3 

4 

•27 

3-J 

IG 

2!3 

28 

19 

Acres.  Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich «  4, 810     Montgomery  County,  Ohio 24,  000 

Bigflats,  X.  Y 15,680     Pontiac,  Mich 1,088 

Columbus,  Ohio 18, 944 

Miami  sand. — Coarse  to  medium,  loose,  incoherent  sand,  under- 
lain by  yellow  or  reddish  sand  of  about  the  same  texture.  Typi- 
cal truck  soil.  Is  the  prototype  of  the  Norfolk  sand  of  the 
Atlantic  coast  and  Fresno  sand  of  the  Pacific  coast.  It  may  be 
either  of  glacial  or  alluvial  origin.     Level  or  rolling  in  topography. 

1  •_»        3        4 

Soil  121) 31        55        8        4 

Subsoil  (22)  36        55        5        4  , 


Acres. 

Posey  County,  Ind 7, 680 

Toledo,  Ohio 36, 672 

Viroqua,  Wis 2S,  288 

Wichita,  Kans 19, 392 


Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich h  117, 480 

Grand  Island,  Nebr 29, 440 

Janesville,  Wis <■  11, 648 

Pontiac,  Mich 30, 592 

Miami  fine  sand. — A  fine  yellow  or  light-brown  sand  6  to  12 
inches  deep.  The  subsoil  consists  of  a  fine  orange  or  yellow  sand. 
Free  from  stones;  often  occurs  as  dunes.  Has  good  natural  drain- 
age, and  is  easily  tilled.  The  principal  crops  are  corn,  potatoes, 
])erries,  and,  of  less  importance,  wheat,  oats,  grasses,  and  cab- 
bages.    Best  adapted  to  truck,  potatoes,  and  small  fruit. 

1 

Soil  (20) 20 

Subsoil  (19) 19 


2 

3 

4 

63 

12 

5 

66 

10 

5 

Acres. 

Dubuque,  Iowa 2,  624 

Janesville,  Wis ''16, 256 

Lyons,  N.  Y 14, 656 

Sangamon  County,  111 1, 024 

Stanton,  Nebr 56, 576 


Acres. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 14, 528 

Tazewell  County,  111 22, 976 

Wicliita,  Kans 15,  744 

Winnebago  County,  111 8,  832 


"Mapped  as  Allegan  gravelly  loam,  which  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 

''  Mapped  as  Allegan  sand,  which  name  will  not  be  \ised  hereafter. 

'•  >[api>ed  as  Hanover  sand,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 

(/  Mapped  as  Afton  fine  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


Mia  mi  Series.  10  T 

Miami  sandy  loam. — A  light  to  dark-brown  sandy  loam  8  to  14 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  sandy  loam  somewhat  heavier,  some- 
times containing  some  fine  gravel,  and  underlain  by  gravel,  but 
not  necessarily  so;  either  of  alluvial  or  glacial  origin;  level  or 
gently  rolling;  sometimes  rounded  hills  with  kettlelike  inter- 
vening depressions,  as  well  as  extensive  lowlands  bordering  water 
courses.  In  some  areas  adapted  to  corn,  wheat,  grass,  rye,  and 
oais;  in  others  mainly  to  fruits,  small  fruits,  and  truck  crops. 

1  2         3         4 

Soil  (16)  25        47        20  8 

Subsoil  (IC.) 23        49        19        10 


Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich «  GO,  020 

Dubuque,  Iowa 15, 040 

Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak 68, 800 

Montgomery  County,  Ohio 4, 000 


Acres. 

Pontiac,  Mich 34, 368 

Posey  County,  Ind 3, 584 

Toledo,  Ohio 30,  528 

Viroqua,  AVis . . ., 16, 064 


2 

3 

4 

48 

40 

9 

50 

36 

11 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam. — Soil  to  the  depth  of  10  inches  consists  of 
chocolate-brown  sandy  and  silty  loam,  underlain  by  a  light-brown 
fine  sand.  A  few  stones  are  present  on  the  surface  and  mixed  with 
the  soil.  Rolling  country  and  flat  lands  bordering  swamps. 
Peaches,  cherries,  plums,  apples,  pears,  and  small  fruit  are  suc- 
cessfully grown,  as  well  as  corn,  wheat,  grass,  and  pasture.  AVell 
adapted  to  truck  growing. 

1 

Soil  (IS)  3 

Subsoil  (17) 2 

Acres.  Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich &  13, 260  1  St.  Clair  County,  III 138, 560 

Bigflats,  X.  Y c-  5, 632  ^  Syracuse,  X.  Y 19,  968 

Lyons,  N.  Y 29, 824     Union  County,  Ky rf5, 248 

Pdsey  County,  Ind 3, 456 

Miami  loam. — A  brown  soil,  10  inches  deep,  containing  a  small 
proportion  of  medium  to  coarse  sand,  which  in  local  areas 
grades  into  gravel.  The  subsoil,  from  20  to  40  inches,  is  a  heavy 
brownish-yellow  loam,  beneath  which  is  found  a  fine  gravelly 

fl  Mapped  as  Allegan  sandy  loam,  -which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 
f> Mapped  as  Allegan  fine  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 
("Mapped  as  Elmira  fine  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 
^Mapped  in  part  as  Sturgis  fine  sandy  loam,  and  in  part  as  Miami  sandy 
loam.     The  former  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


108 


Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 


loam.  Occurs  as  terraces  along  rivers  and  as  low-lying  areas  be- 
tween sand  hills.  Is  a  fair  corn  soil,  producing  from  35  to  45 
bushels.  Should  be  used  for  growing  canning  crops,  such  as  sugar 
corn,  green  peas,  tomatoes,  etc.     Pears,  plums,  aad  apples  also  do 

well. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (27) 15        30        38        16 

Subsoil  (28) 16        28        36        20 


Acres. 

Columbus,  Ohio 26,  880 

Fargo,  X.  Dak 11,968 

Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak 17, 728 

Janesville,  Wis 51, 968 

Lyons,  N.  Y 5, 184 

Marshall,  Minn 3, 968 


Acres. 

Montgomery  County,  Ohio 14, 000 

Pontiac,  Mich 1, 152 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 9.  72S 

Tazewell  County,  111 34. 560 

Toledo,  Ohio 5, 504 

Viroqua,  Wis 23, 552 


Miami  silt  loam. — Light-brown  or  yellow,   sometimes  reddish 

silt  loan,  from  8  to  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  plastic  silt  loam 

or  silt  clay  of  a  reddish  or  yellowish  color,  grading  at  14  to  16 

inches  into  a  tenacious  silt  loam  having  the  proprieties  of  a  clay. 

Occupies  level  prairies  and  slightly  rolling  areas.     Origin  is  due 

to  the  deposition  of  loess  over  glacial  till.     The  soil 'is  very  fertile, 

producing  good  yields  of  wheat,  corn,  clover,  and  timothy  hay. 

The  average  yield  of  wheat  is  20  to  30  bushels,  and  of  corn  from 

25  to  50  bushels  per  acre. 

1 

Soil  (41) 2 

Subsoil  (41) 2 


•> 

3 

4 

12 

70 

16 

11 

67 

20 

Acres. 

Bigflats,N.Y al,920 

Clinton  County,  111 '» 9, 920 

Dubuque,  Iowa c  176, 896 

Janesville,  Wis 6  si,  ino 

Knox  County,  111 135, 552 

Lyons,N.  Y rt28,096 

McLean  County,  111 58, 368 


Acres. 

Posey  County,  Ind 149, 376 

Sangamon  County,  111 92, 416 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 41, 536 

Tazewell  County,  111 d 224, 960 

Union  County,  Ky lo4. 176 

Viroqua,  Wis 201, 408 

Winnebago  County,  111 62, 464 


«  Mapped  as  Elmira  silt  loam,  which  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 

''  Mapped  as  Edgerton  silt  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 

cit  is  probable  that  this  should  have  l)ec'n  niai)i)e(l  in  i)art  as  Marshall  silt 
loam.  At  tlie  time  the  dill'erences  between  the  soils  locally  known  as  the  "clay 
land"  and  the  "dark  loam  "  did  not  appear  sutlicient  to  justify  a  separation  into 
two  types,  but  with  v.'ider  experience  in  soils  of  this  chivss,  it  appears  that  the 
latter  soil  should  have  been  mapped  as  Marsliall  silt  loam. 

''Mapped  as  Tazewell  silt  loam.  It  is  probable  that  this  soil  should  have 
been  mapped  in  part  as  Miami  silt  loam  and  in  part  as  Marshall  silt  loam. 


3IarshaU  Series.  109 

Miami  clay  loam. — Light-colored  loam,  12  inches  deep,  underlain 

by  a  clay  loam,  which  in  turn  is  underlain  by  bowlder  clay  at  a 

depth  of  5  feet.     Level  plains,  except  adjacent  to  the  streams. 

Glacial  origin.     The  surface  of  the  country  was  formerly  covered 

by  bowlders,  which  have  largely  been  removed.     One  of  the  best 

of  soils  for  general  agricultural  purposes,  especially  wheat. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (24) 8        20        52        21 

Subsoil  (24) 6        19        45        29 

Acres.  I  Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich al07, 580  I  Pontiac,  Mich 56, 384 

Columbus,  Ohio 222, 336  j  Story  County,  Iowa 3, 072 

Madison  County,  Ind 232, 640  I  Stuttgart,  Ark &  69,  G96 

Montgomery  County,  Ohio. . .    240, 000  ,  Toledo,  Ohio 20, 352 

Kiami  black  clay  loam. — {For  description  see  under  Marshall  series,  page 
113.) 

MARSHALL   SERIES. 

The  ^Marshall  series  includes  the  dark-colored  upland  soils  of  the 
glaciated  and  loessial  region,  characterized  and  distinguished  from 
the  INIiami  series  by  a  large  amount  of  organic  matter, 

Marshall  stony  loam. — A  dark-brown  to  black  loam  or  sandy 
loam  8  inches  deep,  containing  considerable  gravel  and  small  stones, 
underlain  by  a  yellow  clay  loam  mixed  with  gravel  and  sand. 
Very  little  under  cultivation.  L'sed  mainly  for  grazing,  to  which 
it  is  well  adapted. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (7) 16        36        34        14 

Subsoil  (5) 18        29        31        22 

Acres. 

Brookings,  S.  Dak 8,256 

Jamestown,  X.  Dak 30, 208 

Marshall  gravel. — Dark-brown  to  black  sandy  loam,  containing 
a  high  percentage  of  tine  gravel.  At  15  to  24  inches  it  grades  into 
a  bed  of  gravel  and  coarse  sand.  With  the  exception  of  some 
pasturage  afforded  early  in  the  season  it  has  little  agriculture  value, 
the  crops  being  small  and  easily  affected  l)y  drought. 

«  Mapped  as  Allegan  clay,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 
6  While  having  the  same  characteristics,  the  origin  is  different,  and  possibly 
this  soil  should  have  been  put  into  some  other  series. 


3 

4 

15 

7 

11 

7 

110  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

1         2 

Soil  (6) 50        27 

Subsoil  (6) 55        27 

Acres. 

Ailegan  County,  Mich «  14, 160 

Marshall,  Minn 1,216 

Pontiac,  Mich 6, 912 

Marshall  gravelly  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  about  12  inches  of 
heav^y  black  sandy  loam  underlain  by  2  feet  of  coarse  gravel  usu- 
ally resting  on  a  coarse  sand  extending  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or 
more.  The  gravel  is  limestone,  crystalline  rock  fragments,  or 
shale.  Glacial  soil,  usually  representing  beaches  along  old  glacial 
lakes.  This  type  usually  occurs  in  narrow  bands.  Except  in  very 
wet  seasons,  the  crop  yields  on  this  soil  are  very  light. 

12         3  4 

SoiW7) 23        28        32        17 

Subsoil  (8) 32        26        23        16 

Acres. 

Fargo,  N.  Dak 2, 688 

Grand  Forks,  X.  Dak ?'51, 136 

Marshall,  Minn 960 

Marshall  sand. — Dark-brown  to  black  sand,  coarse  to  medium  in 
texture,  with  an  average  depth  of  10  to  12  inches,  with  a  coarse  to 
medium  sandy  subsoil,  lighter  colored  than  the  soil.  The  soil 
possesses  quite  a  marked  loamy  texture,  particularly  in  depressions, 
owing  in  part  to  the  admixture  of  fine  silt  and  clay  particles,  but 
chiefly  because  of  the  presence  of  a  considerable  proportion  of 
organic  matter.  Occupies  narrow  ridges,  and  is  characterized  by 
a  somewhat  hummocky  topography.  Glacial  origin,  although 
exact  manner  of  depostion  is  not  clear.  Crop  yields  are  uncertain, 
but  are  larger  in  wet  seasons  than  in  dry.  Well  adapted  to  vege- 
tables and  melons  where  moisture  conditions  are  favorable  or  can 
be  controlled. 

1  2  3  4 

Soil  (1) 38        41        11        10 

Subsoil  (1) 36        42        13         9 

Acres. 
Cerro  Gordo,  Iowa 1, 024 


"Mapped  as    Kalamazoo   gravelly  loam,    wliich   name  will   not   be  used 
hereafter. 
b  Mapped  as  Fargo  gravelly  loam,  which  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 


Marsludl  Series.  Ill 

Marshall  fine  rani. — Dark  brown  to  black,  rather  incoherent  sand 
of  fine  texture,  10  or  12  inches  deep,  resting  on  a  lighter-colored 
sand  of  about  the  same  texture.  Occupies  low  bluffs  bordering 
river  flood  plains.  Surface  is  broken  and  rolling,  and  the  drain- 
age is  apt  to  be  excessive,  especially  where  the  sandy  subsoil  is 
deep.  Origin  primarily  glacial.  Crop  value  varies  greatly,  depend- 
ing mainly  upon  the  condition  as  regards  moisture.  Is  best  adapted 
to  early  truck  crops  and  melons.  It  also  produces,  with  the  aid  of 
liberal  manuring,  very  good  yields  of  Irish  potatoes.  It  has  been 
used  successfully  in  the  production  of  clover  seed,  although  the 
yield  of  hav  is  verv  light. 

12        3       4 

Soil  (2) 13        76        5        6 

Subsoil  (2) 14        77        5        5 

Acres, 
Story  County,  Iowa 13,376 

Marshall  sandy  loam. — A  dark-brown  to  black  compact  sandy 
loam  about  10  inches  in  depth,  resting  on  6  inches  of  yellowish 
loam,  only  less  sandy  than  the  surface  soil,  which  is  in  turn  under- 
lain at  from  16  to  36  inches  below  the  surface  ))y  yellowish  clay 
containing  a  high  percentage  pf  coarse  sand  and  gravel.  Rounded 
pebbles  and  bowlders  occur  on  the  surface,  while  in  the  subsoil 
partly  decomposed  calcareous  nodules  are  found.  Soil  occupies 
gently  rolling  prairie  ridges — thought  to  be  old  shore  lines — and 
intervening  depressions.  The  type  is  mainly  of  glacial  origin.  A 
good  general  farming  type,  although  in  some  local  areas  inclined 
to  be  droughty.  Average  yields:  Wheat,  12  to  20  bushels;  oats, 
20  to  35  bushels;  flax,  12  to  15  bushels;  potatoes,  100  to  125  bushels 
per  acre. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (7) 27        38        20  9 

Subsoil  (7) 26        33        24        14 

Acres. 

Brookings,  S.  Dak 93, 376 

Marshall,  Minn «  4, 480 

Marshall  loam. — Dark-brown  to  black  loam  10  or  12  inches  deep, 
resting  on  a  lighter  colored  loam  or  heavy  loam.  The  deep  sub- 
soil consists  of  clay,  sand,  gravel,  and  bowlders  mingled  together 

"Mapped  in  part  as  Fairview  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  here- 
after. 


112  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

in  a  disorderly  mass.  Derived  from  iin^tratified  glacial  drift. 
Glacial  bowlders  are  found  here  and  there  on  the  surface,  in  some 
areas  so  plentiful  as  to  interfere  with  cultivation.  These  are  fre- 
quently removed  from  the  fields.  Occupies  gently  undulating  to 
rolling  country  and  covers  wide  areas  in  the  prairies  of  the  North- 
west. While  extensive  areas  are  well  drained  and  well  suited  to 
farming,  there  are  areas  of  obstructed  drainage,  resulting  in  bogs, 
ponds,  and  swampy  depressions,  which  are  unfit  for  cultivation 
without  artificial  drainage — often  a  difficult  problem.  The  soil  is 
above  the  average  for  general  farming  purposes.  AVheat,  oat", 
corn,  barley,  and  flax  are  the  principal  crops.  "Wheat  yields  from 
10  to  30  l)ushels;  oats  from  20  to  80.  with  an  average  of  40  bushels; 
corn  from  25  to  45  bushels;  barley  about  30  bushels;  and  flax  from 
9  to  12  bushels  per  acre.     Millet  is  grown  to  some  extent  for  hay, 

Yielding  from  3  to  4  tons  per  acre. 

1 

Soil  (22) 11 

Subsoil  (23) 11 


2 

3 

4 

30 

41 

17 

28 

36 

24 

Acres. 

Brookings,  S.  Dak 135, 808 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa 242, 112 

Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak « 12, 352 


Acres. 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 206, 976 

Marshall ,  Minn 108, 352 

Story  County,  Iowa 303, 808 


Marshall  silt  loam. — Dark-brown  to  black  silt  loam  10  or  12  inches 
deep,  resting  usually  on  a  light-colored,  sometimes  mottled,  silty 
loam  or  silty  clay.  Lime  concretions  frequently  occur.  Varies  in 
topography  from  level  to  rolling  and  hilly.  Derived  from  glacial 
drift  or  loessial  deposits.  Drainage  generally  good  but  not  excess- 
ive, the  subsoil  retaining  moisture  well  and  crops  resisting  drought 
to  a  marked  degree.  Fine  soil  for  the  production  of  wheat,  corn, 
oats,  alfalfa,  tobacco,  and  sugar  beets,  where  climatic  conditions 

are  favorable. 

1 

Soil  (32) 3 

Subsoil  (31) 2 

Acres. 

Clinton  County,  111 ^57, 472 

Grand  Island,  Nebr 137, 984 

.Jamestown,  N.  Dak 41, 280 

Janesville,  Wis '■Sl,344 

Knox  County,  111 289, 08s 


._> 

:{ 

4 

12 

69 

16 

11 

70 

16 

Acres. 

McLean  County,  111 574, 720 

Sangamon  County,  111 832, 224 

Stanton,  Nebr 102, 720 

St.  Clair  County,  111 ''  106, 432 

Winneba,ero  County,  111 90, 624 


"  Mapped  as  Fargo  loum,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 

''  Mapped  as  Miami  silt  loam. 

<■  Mapped  as  Janesville  silt  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  liereafter. 


Marshall  Series.  113 

Marshall  clay  loam. — Dark-brown  to  black  clay  loam,  under- 
lain by  a  dark-brown  clay  loam,  which  becomes  a  very  stiff,  yel- 
low clay  at  about  24  inches  below  the  surface.  When  moist,  the 
soil  is  plastic,  and  feels  smooth  when  rubbed  between  the  fingers; 
when  dry  it  becomes  mellow  and  friable.  This  type  occupies 
level  or  gently  rolling  prairie  uplands.  The  drainage  is  generally 
good.  In  adaptation  this  soil  is  a  general  farming  type,  corn,  oats, 
and  grass  being  the  leading  products.  It  is,  in  fact,  an  ideal  corn 
and  hay  soil,  the  yields  per  acre  varying  from  25  to  60  bushels  of 
the  former  and  from  1  to  4  tons  of  the  latter.  Blue  grass  makes 
a  luxuriant  pasture,  the  sod  being  very  permanent.  Fruit  and 
vegetables  also  produce  well. 

1         2 

Soil  (5) 9        19 

Subsoil  (5) 11        21 

Acres. 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa 67, 456 

Story  County,  Iowa 8, 38-1 

Miami  black  clay  loam.« — Black  clay  loam,  10  to  12  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  a  tenacious  drab  clay.  Of  Glacial  origin.  Generally 
level,  naturally  poorly  drained.  When  thoroughly  drained  this 
soil  is  very  productive,  i)articularly  for  corn.  It  is  also  well 
adapted  to  grass  and  wheat. 

12  3         4 

Soil(39) 7        20        53        20 

Subsoil  (42) 3        13        58        24 

Acres.  I  Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich &  12, 460  |  McLean  County,  111 70, 144 

Brookings,  S.  Dak 43, 456     Madison  County,  Ind 31, 360 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  loAva 4, 032     Marshall,  Minn 29, 760 


3 

4 

41 

30 

39 

30 

Columbus,  Ohio 33,  792 

Fargo,  N.  Dak 74,880 

Grank  Forks,  N.  Dak 44, 352 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 5, 120 

Janesville,  Wis 1, 856 

Knox  County,  111 4, 928 


Montgomery  County ,  Ohio 18, 000 

Pontiac,  Mich n^  840 

Sangamon  County,  111 88, 128 

Story  County,  Iowa 21, 952 

Tazewell  County,  111 61, 184 

Toledo,  Ohio 165, 056 


«This  soil  belongs  to  the  Marshall  series  and  should  have  been  called  the 
Marshall  black  clay  loam,  but  owing  to  the  extensive  use  of  the  name  the 
term  Miami  black  clay  loam  will  still  be  used  in  all  areas. 

&  Mapped  as  Allegan  black  clay,  which  name  will  not  hereafter  be  used. 

31896—0-1 8 


114  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

Marshall  clay. — A  heavy  black  clay  loam  or  clay,  18  to  2-4  inches 
deep,  resting  on  a  grayish-brown  clay  extending  to  a  dei)th  of 
more  than  3  feet.  The  subsoil  when  exposed  to  the  air  1  )reaks  up 
into  thin  flakes  resembling  shale  or  slate.  Occupies  large  areas  in 
the  valley  of  the  Eed  River.  Soil  is  a  lacustrine  deposit,  modified 
bv  the  addition  of  river  sediments.  The  drainage  is  not  naturallv 
very  good,  but  has  been  assisted  Ijy  the  construction  of  road 
ditches.  A  very  strong  soil,  well  adapted  to  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
flax,  and  corn. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (3) 9        20        41        30 

Subsoil  (3) 0         5        44        51 

Acres. 
Fargo,  N.  Dak 76, 800 

SIOUX    SERIES. 

The  Sioux  series  comprises  "ertain  dark-colored,  low-lying 
alluvial  soils  along  the  rivers  and  streams  in  the  glaciated  area, 
characterized  by  a  large  amount  of  organic  matter  and  generally 
underlain  by  gravel  within  3  feet  of  the  surface. 

Sioux  sand. — Soil  consists  of  from  5  to  20  inches  of  loose,  medium 
to  coarse  textured,  dark-colored  sand.  The  subsoil,  which  extends 
to  great  depths,  has  about  the  same  texture  as  the  soil,  but  is  of  a 
light-yellowish  color.  Forms  flat  valley  lands  lying  only  5  or  10 
feet  above  mean  water  level.  Naturally  well  drained  and  seldom 
subject  to  overflow.  In  narrow  valleys  where  moisture  conditions 
are  favorable  the  type  is  cleared  and  cultivated.  Broad  areas 
often  suffer  from  drought,  and  such  are  left  to  the  native  growth 
of  scrubby  pine  and  oak.  Soil  is  sedimentary,  but  the  material  is 
derived  more  or  less  locally  from  underlying  sandstone.  Used  for 
corn,  of  which  40  to  80  bushels  per  acre  are  obtained  under  good 
moisture  conditions  and  heavy  fertilization.  Vegetables,  straw- 
berries, and  cranberries  also  do  well  on  limited  areas,  but  the 
greater  part  of  the  type  can  only  be  safely  used  for  agriculture 
with  some  system  of  irrigation. 

1        '2       :{      4 

Soil  (2) 3.S        r>3        5        4 

Subsoil  (2) 42        53        3        3 

Acres. 
Viroinia,  Wis 19,520 


Sioux  Series. 


115 


Sioux  sandy  loam. — A  coarse  to  medium  brown  sandy  loam  or 
heavy  sandy  loam  from  10  to  24  inches  deep  and  containing  con- 
siderable organic  matter.  The  color  becomes  lighter  with  depth. 
The  subsoil  over  wide  areas  consists  of  almost  pure  waterworn 
gravel,  which  is  found  at  an  average  of  22  inches  below  the  surface 
and  which  extends  to  great  depths.  The  subsoil,  however,  varies 
considerably,  and  the  gravel  is  frequently  bedded  in  a  matrix  of 
sandy  loam,  silty  sand,  or  sand.  Alluvial  soil  occupying  river 
terraces  or  bottoms,  with  level  to  gently  rolling  topography. 
Drainage  is  too  thorough  where  the  pure  gravel  subsoil  predomi- 
nates for  good  crop  yields,  although  the  soil  is  early  and  might  be 
profitably  utilized  in  the  production  of  early,  short-season  crops. 
Hay,  corn,  oats,  and  alfalfa  are  important  crops,  but  the  yields  are 
very  irregular.  In  a  wet  season,  or  on  areas  of  better  moisture 
conditions,  40  to  60  bushels  of  corn  are  obtained  per  acre,  but  a 
dry  spell  at  the  critical  period  of  growth  often  results  in  total 
failure.  Some  truck  is  grown.  Clover  and  timothy  have  been 
produced  with  fair  success. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (10) 30        27        26        16 

Subsoil  (10) 43        32        14        12 


Acres. 

Brookings,  S.  Dak 28, 864 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa 32, 768 

Grand  Island,  Nebr 29, 184 


Acres. 

Viroqua,  Wis 5, 568 

Winnebago  County,  111 38. 528 


Sioux  fine  sandy  loam. — A  dark-gray  or  black  fine  sandy  loam 
from  10  to  15  inches  deep,  containing  a  relatively  high  percentage 
of  organic  matter,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  fine  to  medium  sandy 
loam  of  a  light-brown  color.  At  from  3  to  8  feet  below  the  surface 
the  material  changes  to  sand  and  gravel.  The  surface  is  generally 
level.  The  soil  is  alluvial  and  occupies  both  river  bottoms  and  ter- 
races. It  generally  maintains  a  good  supply  of  moisture,  although 
in  areas  of  light  rainfall  irrigation  is  desirable.  The  drainage  is,  on 
the  whole,  satisfactory,  artificial  drains  being  necessary  only  in 
depressed  areas.  A  desirable  soil,  yielding  15  to  35  bushels  of 
wheat,  25  to  50  bushels  of  corn,  15  to  60  bushels  of  oats,  about  40 
bushels  of  barley,  and  20  bushels  of  flax  per  acre.  Alfalfa  pro- 
duces well  and  sugar  befts  give  yields  ranging  from  8  to  18  tons 


116  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

per  acre.     On  low-lying  areas  considerable  hay  is  made  from  wild 
grasses. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (5) 12        43        32        11 

Subsoil  (5) 17        44        28        12 

Acres. 

Grand  Island,  Nebr 60, 352 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak 5, 632 

Sioux  clay. — A  black,  dark-brown,  or  sometimes  yellowisl.- 
brown  clay  loam  or  clay  about  18  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a 
grayish-brown  or  grayish-yellow  clay  of  stiff,  tenacious,  waxy 
texture.  Occupies  river  bottoms,  and  is  partly  alluvial  and  partly 
a  wash  from  the  uplands,  the  latter  areas  having  the  character- 
istics of  the  gumbo  found  in  the  Red  River  Valley.  An  excellent 
soil  for  small  grain,  wheat  sometimes  yielding  as  much  as  40 
bushels  per  acre.  Oats  and  flax  also  do  remarkably  well.  The 
lighter  areas  are  suitable  for  certain  of  the  truck  crops.  About  half 
the  area  of  this  soil  now  under  cultivation.  Native  vegetation 
oak,  elm,  ash,  and  other  forest  trees. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 1        12        46        42 

Subsoil  (1) 3        14        31        52 

Acres. 
Jamestown,  N.  Dak 2, 432 

DUNKIKK    SERIES. 

An  important  group  of  soils  recognized  as  the  Dunkirk  series 
has  been  found  in  well-defined  terraces  along  some  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  These  soils  are  composed  of  glacial  material,  reworked 
and  redeposited  when  the  lake  waters  reached  a  higher  level  than 
at  present. 

Dunkirk  gravel. — Very  gravelly  soil  of  old  lake  beaches,  occur- 
ring in  narrow  bands  between  the  lake  and  uplands.  Waterworn 
fragments  of  shale,  6  feet  or  more  deep.  At  present  used  exten- 
sively for  grape  culture,  but  grapes  do  not  keep  so  well  or  bear 
shipment  so  well  as  those  grown  on  Dunkirk  clay.  Soil  is  quite 
droughty  and  not  well  suited  to  other  crops. 

1 

Soil  (4) 54 

Subsoil  (2) 77 


2 

3 

4 

11 

20 

13 

13 

6 

5 

Dunkirk  Series,  117 

Acres. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 2,880 

Westfield,  N.  Y 4, 840 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam. — A  sandy  loam  containing  from  40  to  60 
per  cent  of  very  fine  gravel,  which  consists  of  waterworn  fragments 
of  shale.  The  soil  is  underlain  at  about  3  feet  by  shale  fragments 
or  sand.  Occurs  in  bands  along  foot  of  low  ridges  on  lake  fore- 
lands and  also  upon  uplands.  Has  the  characteristics  of  an  ancient 
beach  or  bar,  and  was  probably  derived  from  deposition  by  water. 
Sometimes  has  larger  gravel  scattered  over  the  surface.  It  is  a 
well-drained,  early  soil,  adapted  to  market-garden  and  truck  crops. 
It  is  not  well  suited  for  most  general  farming  crops,  but  is  a 
typical  corn  soil.     Grapes  are  successfully  grown. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (4) 45        19        21        11 

Subsoil  (4) 52        22        16         8 

Acres. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 6, 528 

Westfield,  N.  Y 7, 260 

Dunkirk  sandy  loam. — Sandy  loam,  6  to  10  inches  deep,  underlain 
by  medium  or  fine  sand.  Occurs  in  lake  forelands,  and  is  usually 
marked  by  hummock}-  or  undulating  topography.  In  part  aeo- 
lian  in  origin.     Adapted  to  grapes;  is  also  fair  grass  land. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (4) 8        59        21        11 

Subsoil  (4) 7        63        19        10 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 14,  720 

Westfield,  N.  Y 22, 090 

Dunkirk  shale  loam. — Brown  or  gray  loam,  about  7  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  mottled  clay  to  a  depth  of  1  to  3  feet.  Surface  in 
most  places  covered  with  shale  fragments  from  1  to  4  inches  in 
diameter.  Located  on  escarpment  and  the  steeper  slopes.  Resid- 
ual soil  derived  from  shale.  Generally  covered  with  timber  and 
underbrush.     Less  steep  positions  under  vineyards. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (1) 4        19        41        32 

Subsoil  (1) 6         7        30        50 

Acres. 
Westfield,  X.Y 21,860 


118  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

Dunkirk  clay. — Soil  is  a  dark  to  black  clay,  6  to  12  inches  in 
depth,  underlain  by  a  tenacious,  mottled  clay,  beneath  which, 
at  a  depth  of  4  to  10  feet,  occurs  the  typical  bowlder  clay.  Near 
ancient  beach  lines  the  soil  is  sometimes  underlain  by  gravel. 
Found  upon  lake  foreland  and  in  upland  valleys.  Derived  from 
deposition  in  quiet  water.  Some  areas  badly  drained.  Adapted 
to  grapes,  grain,  and  grass, 

12         3  4 

Soil  (5) 5        11        32        49 

Subsoil  (5) 3        17        32        46 

Acres. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 8, 192 

Westfield,  N.  Y 23, 490 

MISCELLANEOUS   SOILS    OF    THE   GLACIAL    AND    LOESSIAL    REGION. 

Holyoke  stony  loam. — This  soil  is  of  glacial  origin,  and  consists  of 
about  3  feet  of  loam,  containing  10  to  50  per  cent  of  diabase  and 
other  bowlders.  The  areas  occupied  are  rough  and  mountainous, 
occurring  along  the  base  of  diabase  ranges.  The  soil  is  chiefly 
devoted  to  pasture,  though  it  is  used  also  to  some  extent  for  fruit. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 16        35        38        6 

Subsoil  (3) 18        43        29        8 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts 177, 088 

Alton  stony  loam. — A  grayish  or  brown  silty  or  sandy  loam,  6  to 
10  inches  deep,  containing  25  to  70  per  cent  of  stones  and  gravel. 
The  subsoil  iseither  a  sandy  loam  of  brown  color,  or  a  clayey,  sandy 
loam  of  reddish  color,  containing  20  to  70  per  cent  of  granite, 
sandstone,  and  limestone  fragments.  Occupies  the  rolling  and 
level  uplands;  fairly  well  drained.  Derived  through  weathering 
of  glacial  material.  A  poor  soil.  Beans,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  and 
grasses  are  the  main  products.     Truck  and  fruit  do  fairly  well. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (7) 21        39        25        14 

Subsoil  (7) 19        3S        26        16 

Acres. 

Long  Island.  N.  Y 100. 608 

Lyons,  N.  Y 38,208 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 3. 712 


Miscellaneous  Soils.  119 

Plainwell  stony  loam. — Loose  yellow  sandy  loam,  8  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  loose  yellow  medium  and  fine  sand  to  a  depth  of 
3  feet  or  more.  From  20  to  70  per  cent  of  stones  and  large 
bowlders  scattered  on  the  surface  and  mixed  with  the  soil  and 
subsoil.  Large  rounded  hills  and  ridges.  Derived  from  morainic 
material.  Corn,  rye,  and  buckwheat  are  grown  to  some  extent, 
but  the  yields  of  these  crops  are  low. 

1  2         3        t 

Soil  (3) 47        35        12        6 

Subsoil  (2) 30        43        18        S 

Acres. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 5, 376 

Pontiac,  Mich 1,472 

Saugatuck  sand. — Soil  to  a  depth  of  9  inches  consists  of  reddish- 
brown,  black,  and  gray  sands.  Subsoil  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or 
more  consists  of  medium  fino  sand,  containing  bands  of  sand 
cemented  by  ferruginous  material.  These  bands  of  iron  crusts  vary 
from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  1  or  more  feet  in  thickness.  Occu- 
pies slightly  depressed  areas.  The  accumulation  of  iron  is  proba- 
bly due  to  deficient  drainage  now  or  at  some  former  period. 
Truck,  peaches,  and  small  fruits  do  best,  and  grain  fairly  well. 

12        3        4 

Soil  (2) 41        48        7        3 

Subsoil  (3) 48        44        3        3 

Acres. 
Allegan  County,  Mich 24, 120 

Clyde  sand. — The  soil  consists  of  12  inches  of  black  medium  and 
fine  sandy  loam,  underlain  by  sand  to  a  depth  of  30  inches,  in 
turn  generally  underlain  by  clay.  Occupies  low,  flat  lands,  gen- 
erally swampy,  and  borders  stream  courses.  When  well  drained, 
produces  good  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  grass,  oats,  rye,  and  all  kinds 
of  truck  crops.     Excellent  soil  for  sugar  beets. 

12         3        4 

Soil  (3) 21        60        13        4 

Subsoil  (4) 38        54         5        3 

Acres. 

Allegan  County,  Mich 38, 600 

Pontiac,  Mich 2, 880 


120  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

Shelby  sand. — A  brown  or  yellow  loamy  sand,  10  inches  deep, 
grading  into  reddish-yellow  sand  of  medium  texture,  underlain  at 
from  24  to  36  inches  by  sandstone  in  place.  The  subsoil  is  derived 
from  underlying  rock,  the  soil  being  a  covering  of  wash  material. 
Occurs  as  gently  rolling  upland,  just  above  the  second  bottoms. 
Adapted  to  track,  small  fruit,  and  peaches.  Also  adapted  to 
wrapper  leaf  tobacco. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (1) 18        45       28         9 

Subsoil  (1) 26       52       11       10 

Acres. 
Shelby  County,  Mo 448 

Cassadaga  sand. — Coarse  orange  or  gray  sand,  1  to  3  feet  or  more 
deep.  Occurs  usually  in  upland  valleys.  Inclined  to  be  wet  or 
marshy,  and  needs  drainage  because  of  a  hardpan  subsoil.  Very 
little  under  cultivation,  is  usually  wooded,  and  generally  has  a 
thick  growth  of  underbrush.  Has  at  present  little  agricultural 
value.     If  it  were  cleared  and  drained,  it  would  probably  be 

suited  to  grass. 

1         2         3        4 
Soil  (1) 23        44        22        10 

Acres. 
Westfield,  N.  Y 1,660 

Wheatland  sand. — Dark-brown  sand,  12  to  18  inches  deep,  un- 
derlain by  grayish-yellow  sand  of  the  same  texture.  An  upland 
soil  of  glacial  origin.  Little  agricultural  value.  Adapted  to  pas- 
ture and  grazing. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 12        43        31        13 

Subsoil  (3) 11        40        34        14 

Acres. 
Fargo,  N.  Dak 29,504 

Volusia  sandy  loam.— The  soil  is  brown  or  yellow  sandy  loam,  6 
to  10  inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  fine  orange  sand  3  feet  or  more 
in  depth;  sometimes  contains  fragments  of  shale.  Glacial  origin 
from  underlying  shale  material.  It  is  a  very  productive  soil  for 
corn,  oats,  and  potatoes— particularly  for  the  latter,  of  which 
large  yields  are  reported.     A\'heat,  however  does  not  do  well  and 


Miscellaneous  Soils.  121 

seldom  yields  even  a  fair  crop.     Used  for  dairying.     Small  apple 
orchards  numerous. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 12        18       47        16 

Subsoil  (2) 15        23        38       20 

Acres. 
Westfield,  N.  Y 69,940 

Oakland  sandy  loam. — Loose,  loamy  brown  sand  or  sandy  loam 
from  10  to  30  inches  deep.  Sand  is  from  medium  to  fine  in  texture. 
The  subsoil  is  a  clay  loam  or  sticky  sandy  loam.  This  type  differs 
from  the  Marshall  sandy  loam  in  having  this  clay  subsoil  within 
3  feet  of  the  surface.  It  occupies  rolling  country  and  often  occurs 
as  rounded  hills  and  ridges.  Soil  is  of  glacial  origin.  Drainage  is 
good.  Is  a  good  corn  soil.  This  yield  could  be  increased  by  bet- 
ter methods.  Wheat  yields  from  15  to  30  bushels,  oats  35  to  75 
bushels,  rye  from  15  to  30  bushels,  and  hay  li  to  2  tons  per  acre. 
The  soil  is  used  for  general  agriculture,  but  it  is  especially  adapted 
to  medium  and  late  truck  crops  and  fruit. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 16        40        31        13 

Subsoil  (3) 12        31        31        25 

Acres. 
Pontiac,  Mich 25,984 

Manchester  sandy  loam. — xV  reddish  or  dark-yellow  sandy  or 
gravelly  loam,  of  the  medium  grade  of  sand,  from  8  to  18  inches  in 
depth,  underlain  by  loamy  sand  and  gravel,  containing  frequent 
large  bowlders.  The  surface  is  generally  rolling,  in  the  form  of 
ridges  and  knolls,  though  the  type  occasionally  occurs  as  low,  flat 
terraces.  A  combination  of  glacial  lake  and  stream  deposits,  and 
the  material  is  exceedingly  irregular  in  thickness.  It  is  formed 
in  part  of  the  red  Triassic  rocks.  The  soil  is  naturally  fertile,  but 
the  porous  subsoil  renders  it  readily  subject  to  drought.  Well 
adapted  to  peaches  and  fairly  well  adapted  to  corn. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 33        50        11        6 

Subsoil  (2) ■ 41       46       10       4 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,   Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts 44, 160 


122  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

Winnebago  sandy  loam. — A  brown  to  slightly  reddish  sandy  to 
heavy  sandy  loam,  often  containing  considerable  silt.  The  sand  is 
coarse  to  medium.  Varies  considerably  in  character  and  depth, 
but  averages  about  10  inches.  The  subsoil  is  about  the  same  in 
texture,  but  more  often  of  a  reddish-brown  color.  From  18  to  36 
inches  it  is  underlain  by  a  gravelly  till.  The  surface  is  rolling 
and  uneven.  Underdrainage  is  good.  It  is  a  very  good  corn  soil, 
although  the  average  yield  is  not  over  30  bushels  per  acre.  Oats 
are  extensively  grown,  giving  about  the  same  yield  as  corn. 
Clover,  timothy,  and  rye  also  do  well. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (2) .26        36        25        15 

Subsoil  (4) 25        34        22        19 

Acres. 
Winnebago  County,  111 88, 160 

Wheatland  sandy  loam. — Dark-brown  sandy  loam,  about  14 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  loam,  which  at  a  depth  of  6  feet  or 
more  rests  upon  a  grayish-yellow  or  yellow  glacial  till.  Glacial 
bowlders  and  rock  fragments  occur  throughout  the  soil  and  sub- 
soil. Upland  soil,  generally  well  drained.  Fairly  well  adapted 
to  wheat,  oats,  barley,  flax,  and  corn. 

1         -2         3         4 

Soil  (6) -•     9        44        26        22 

Subsoil  (6) IS        33        23        29 

Acres. 
Fargo,  N.  Dak 16,  768 

Janesville  loam. — A  tine  brown  loam,  12  to  14  inches  deep,  un- 
derlain by  a  lirm  massive  yellow  loam  of  very  uniform  texture. 
Surface  almost  uniformly  level;  underdrainage  good.  Excellent 
grain  and  tobacco  soil. 

1        i        3         4 

Soil  (3) 2        7        71        20 

Subsoil  (3) 3        8        74        16 

Acres. 
Janesville,  Wis 6, 656 

Derby  loam. — This  type  is  a  mellow  yellowish-brown  to  reddish- 
brown  silty  loam,  10  incites  deep,  grading  almost  imperceptibly 
into  a  rather  heavy  reddish-brown  silty  loam  subsoil.  Occupies 
rolling  upland  prairie  and  is  well  drained.     A  good  soil  for  general 


Miscellaneous  Soils.  123 

agriculture.     Corn  and  wheat  the  chief  crops.     Yield  of  corn  25 
bushels,  and  of  wheat  18  bushels  per  acre. 

1-234 

Soil  (2)  4        35       42        19 

Subsoil  (2) 5       30        45       20 

Acres. 
Wichita,  Kans 20, 416 

Volusia  loam. — A  brown  or  black  loam,  6  to  10  inches  deep,  rest- 
ing on  a  yellow  silty  loam  containing  shale  fragments  and  having 
a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more,  in  turn  underlain  by  shale  rock.  The 
surface  is  strewn  with  shale  and  slate  fragments  and  occasional 
erratic  glacial  bowlders.  Occurs  typically  developed  upon  heavy 
rolling  uplands,  but  extends  down  into  the  foreland  along  the 
lake.  Derived  from  morainic  material.  Crops:  Wheat,  corn,  and 
at  lower  elevations,  grapes. 

1  2  3         4 

Soil  (5) 5       20        46        27 

Subsoil  (5) 11        22        40        25 

Acres. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 173,440 

Westfield,  N.  Y 10,030 

Elmwood  loam. — {See  description  under  soils  associated  tcith  Norfolk  series.) 
Warners  loam. — The  soil  consists  of  10  inches  of  mellow  brown 
loam,  containing  many  calcareous  nodules  and  a  considerable  pro- 
portion of  marl,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  white  or  gray  marl.  Silty 
in  character  and  of  soft,  unctuous  feel,  containing  thin  layers  of 
muck  at  various  depths.     Fairly  good  crops  of  corn  and  grass. 

Acres. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y 128 

Jackson  loam. — Light  loam  with  an  average  depth  of  14  inches, 
grading  into  a  mottled  sandy  clay  or  clay  subsoil.  Occurs  as  sec- 
ond bottom,  with  a  gently  rolling  surface.  Is  an  alluvial  soil. 
Produces  about  15  bushels  of  wheat  and  from  25  to  40  bushels  of 
corn  per  acre.  Onions  give  large  yields.  Well  adapted  to  light 
farm  crops  and  to  truck,  wrapper  tobacco,  and  peaches. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 1        38        50        12 

•  Subsoil  (2)'. 2        41        44        14    " 

Acres. 
Shelby  County,  Mo 2, 304 


124  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

Madison  loam. — Loose,  friable  brown  or  yellow  loam  or  fine 
sandy  loam,  from  8  to  14  inches  deep,  resting  upon  a  heavy  loam 
or  clay,  usually  becoming  heavier  below  24  inches.  Throughout 
the  soil  and  subsoil  there  are  a  few  Avell-rounded  gravel.  The  sub- 
soil is  somewhat  variable,  occasionally  consisting  of  alternating 
layers  of  sand  and  clay,  with  an  occasional  layer  of  cherty  gravel. 
Occurs  as  second  bottoms,  generally  level.  An  alluvial  soil, 
derived  from  wash  of  valley  slopes.  Frequently  the  drainage  is 
poor.  Is  a  good  soil  for  corn  and  hay  and  for  truck  crops,  espe- 
cially for  cabbage,  tomatoes,  and  berries. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 8        25        40        27 

Subsoil  (2) 8        29        40        25 

Acres. 
Madison  County,  Ind 2, 240 

Bernardston  loam. — Light  clay  or  silty  loam  of  dark  color,  10 
inches  in  depth,  underlain  by  about  14  inches  of  a  dark  to  yellow- 
ish loam  grading  into  a  dark  slaty  blue  clay  loam  of  very  compact 
nature.  This  soil  seems  to  be  derived  from  the  same  class  of 
material  as  the  Hobart  clay,  but  it  is  a  soil  of  very  much  lighter 
texture.  It  occurs  in  very  broken 'and  hilly  areas,  and  outcrops 
of  the  underlying  argillaceous  rocks  are  very  common.  Cultivated 
soils  occur  very  largely  in  drumlinoid  hills.  Native  vegetation  is 
made  up  largely  of  hard  woods,  particularly  sugar  maple,  but  in 
the  most  stony  areas,  where  the  soil  is  shallow,  chestnut,  pine, 
and  hemlock  are  common.  It  is  a  glacial  soil,  made  up  of  argilla- 
ceous rock  material.  It  is  very  fertile,  being  particularly  fine  for 
grass  and  grazing  land.  Also  produces  excellent  crops  of  corn, 
oats,  and  rye. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 18        34        34        14 

Subsoil  (2) U;        33        36        15 

Acres. 
Connecticut  Valley,  Connecticut 
and  Massachusetts l(),or>4 

Memphis  silt  loam. — Fine  yellow  or  brt)wn  silt  loam,  0  to  8  inches, 
powdery  when  dry;  chocolate-l)rown  loam  8  to  40  inches,  under- 
lain at  from  2  to  6  feet  by  yellow  silt  of  loess  formation.  Occupies 
uplands.  Suljject  to  serious  erosi(^n.  Only  about  20  per  cent  of 
total  area  cultivated.    Largely  forested  to  oak,  hickory,  and  beech. 


2flscellcmeous  Soils.  125 

In  Mississippi  divided  topographically  into  two  regions,  the  Cane 

Hills,  which  are  steep  sided  and  narrow  topped,  and  the  Flat 

Hills,  which  are  more  plateaulike  and  cultivated  to  a  greater 

extent  than  the  Cane  Hills.     Cotton,  three-eighths  to  one-half 

bale  per  acre.     In  northern  areas  good  for  fruits  and  vegetables. 

12       3         4 

Soil  (11) 1        5        81        12 

Subsoil  (11) 1        6        75        17 

Acres,  j  Acres. 

Johnson  County,  111 167, 104  '  Union  County.  Ky 17, 984 

Posey  County,  Ind 9, 4U8  j  Yazoo,  Miss 110, 090 

Smedes,  Miss 52, 288  | 

Delavan  silt  loam. — Is  a  brown,  smooth,  crumbly,  nonplastic  silt 

loam,  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  reddish-yellow,  heavier  silt 

loam,  which  in  turn  is  underlain  by  a  fine  sand  at  from  65  to  75 

inches.     Occurs  principally  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Tazewell 

County.     Is  level  and  does  not  require  artificial  drainage.     An 

exceedingly  fertile  soil,  very  highly  esteemed  for  corn  and  small 

grain. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (2) 2        8  69  21 

Subsoil  (2) 1      12  75  13 

Acres. 
Tazewell  County,  111 25, 600 

Elkhorn  silt  loam. — A  black  loamy  soil,  containing  a  large  amount 
of  organic  matter,  resting  on  a  black  loam  of  the  same  character, 
usually  grading  into  a  yellowish  loam  at  a  depth  of  24  inches. 
Occupies  level  bottom  lands  from  6  to  20  feet  above  mean  water 
level.  Subject  to  inundation  during  spring  freshets.  The  drain- 
age is  poor.  Formed  from  loess,  reworked  by  the  river  and  modi- 
tied  by  wind  action.  Productive  soil.  Corn  yields  from  30  to  60 
bushels,  wheat  from  12  to  30  bushels,  oats  from  30  to  50  bushels, 
and  sugar  beets  from  8  to  18  tons  per  acre. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 2        33        57  9 

Subsoil  (2)  1        26        63        11 

Acres. 
Stanton,  Nebr 25, 152 

McLean  silt  loam. — Dark-brown  to  black  silty  loam  soil,  about 
12  inches  deep,   underlain  by  a  mottled-yellow  friable  silt  of  a 


126  Glacial  and  Loess lal  Soils. 

hard,  compact  nature.  At  about  22  inches  this  grades  into  a 
gravelly  till.  This  soil  is  very  similar  to  the  ^Marshall  silt  loam, 
bvit  differs  from  it  in  having  the  till  nearer  the  surface.  The 
surface  is  broken  and  hilly  and  the  drainage  is  generally  good 
except  in  the  more  level  areas.  Corn  averages  about  30  to  35 
bushels  and  oats  about  the  same.  It  is  fairly  good  for  hay.  This 
type  may  be  classed  as  a  fair  soil  for  general  farming,  though  less 
desirable  than  the  Marshall  silt  loam  and  requiring  more  careful 
treatment. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (1) .-.6        13        53        28 

Subsoil  (2)   ....6        14        48        32 

Acres. 
McLean  County,  111 17, 984 

Shelby  silt  loam. — A  silt  or  clay  loam,  from  6  to  10  inches  deep, 
grading  into  a  stiff,  dense,  impervious  clay.  Plastic  and  waxy 
when  wet,  friable  and  loamy  when  dry.  The  soil  is  a  dark-gray 
color;  the  subsoil  is  a  dark,  mottled  clay,  brown  or  drab,  streaked 
with  blue  and  red.  Known  locally  as  ''the  prairie,"  and  occupies 
level  to  gently  rolling  ui:>lands.  Supposed  to  be  of  loessial  origin. 
The  greater  part  is  fairly  well  drained,  but  the  impervious  subsoil 
causes  water  to  collect  on  very  level  areas  after  heavy  rains. 
Fairly  easy  to  cultivate.  Principal  crops  are  hay,  corn,  oats,  and 
wheat,  with  millet,  Kafir  corn,  and  sorghum  as  secondary  crops. 
Hay  yields  from  2  to  3  tons,  corn  35  to  40  bushels,  wheat  15  to  20 
Imshels,  Kafir  corn  20  to  40  bushels,  and  millet  30  to  40  bushels 
of  seed  per  acre.  The  type  is  a  typical  grass  soil,  and  large 
quantities  of  seed  are  j^roduced.  Fruit  also  does  well,  and  the 
l)roduction  of  apples  is  of  some  importance. 

1-2        3         4 

Soil  (3) 3        4        74        ly 

Subsoil  (3) 4        4        5.5       38 

Acres. 
Shelby  County,  Mo 216, 896 

Marion  silt  loam. — Consists  of  silt  loam  of  light-brown  to  white 
color,  with  an  average  depth  of  12  inches.  Subsoil  consists  of  a 
hard,  stiff  silty  clay  of  mottled  appearance,  locally  known  as  hard- 
]>an,  the  i)red()minating  colors  being  gray,  light  yellow,  and  reddish 
yellow.  Between  the  soil  and  su])soil  occurs  a  wliite  layer  of  com- 
pact silt,  which  crumbles  easily  between  the  lingers.     Occupies  the 


Miscellaneous  Soils.  127 

level  prairie  land.     Of  loessial  origin.     Wheat,  corn,  and  grass  are 
the  principal  crops.    Yield  of  grains  rather  small.     Apples  do  welL 


1        2 

3 

4 

Soil  (9 )           

3        7 

76 

14 

Subsoil  flS )           

8        7 

68 

26 

Acres. 

Clay  County,  111 

260,544 

Clinton  County,  111 

172,480 

St.  Clair  County,  111 

m,  464 

Waverly  silt  loam. — A  light-brown  to  white  silty  loam  abont  10 
inches  in  depth,  underlain  by  a  grayish  or  yellowish  silty  loam  of 
closer  texture.  Occupies  bottom  lands  and  marshy  depressions. 
Owes  its  origin  to  sediments  washed  from  adjoining  prairies, 
reworked  with  organic  matter.     Corn  principal  crop. 

12        3        4 

Soil  (14) 2        9        73        16 

Subsoil  (14) 2        9       .72        16 


Acres. 

Clay  County,  111 30, 976 

Clinton  County,  111 40,112 

Johnson  County,  111 31, 936 


Acres. 

Posey  County,  Ind 16, 384 

St.  Clair  County,  111 25, 152 

Union  County,  Ky 25, 216 


Elmira  shale  loam. — Light-gray  loam,  10  or  more  inches  in 
depth,  containing  considerable  silt  and  fine  sand.  The  subsoil, 
from  10  to  24  inches  below  the  surface,  is  of  the  same  texture  as 
the  soil,  but  lighter  in  color,  and  contains  large  quantities  of 
angular  shale  fragments  or  bowlders.  All  general  farm  crops  are 
raised,  but  to  obtain  the  best  results  a  liberal  application  of 
manure  is  required. 

1         2  3         4 

Soil  (3) 9        24        51        16 

Acres. 
Bigflats,  X  Y 8, 512 

Alloway  clay. — {See  description  tinder  soils  associated  with  Norfolk  Series.) 
Griffin  clay. — A  very  compact  soil,  composed  of  medium  to  fine 
gravel,  coarse  sand  rounded  by  water  action,  and  clay.  The  clay 
is  dark  Ijrown  or  mottled  in  color,  very  stiff  and  waxy,  and  diffi- 
cult to  work.  There  is  an  average  gravel  content  of  about  10  per 
cent.  Occupies  the  1)road,  level  floor  of  Black  River  Valley. 
Alluvial  in  origin,  and  the  presence  of  so  much  gravel  may  be  due 
to  the  reworking  of  glacial  material.     A  large  proportion  of  the 


128  Glacial  and  Loessial  Soils. 

type  is  covered  by  forest.     Corn  is  the  chief  product,  but  consid- 
erable areas  are  devoted  to  wheat  and  oats. 

1-234 

Soil  (1) 33        17        25        25 

Subsoil(l) 37        17        20        26 

Acres. 
Posey  County,  Ind 1, 600 

Shelby  clay. — Fine  sandy  or  silty  loam  of  a  gray  or  brown  color, 
from  3  to  8  inches  deep,  grading  into  a  reddish-yellow  sandy  clay 
which  extends  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  Locally  termed  ' '  white 
dUk  lands."  Iron  pipes  and  concretions  are  usually  found.  The 
subsoil  is  made  up  mainly  of  pockets  of  sand  and  clay  with  occa- 
sional thin  lenses  of  cherty  gravel.  Is  of  glacial  origin  occurring 
below  the  Shelby  silt  loam,  and  exposed  through  stream  cutting 
and  erosion  of  the  overlying  prairie.  Occupies  steep  slopes  adja- 
cent to  the  water  courses.  Native  growth  is  white  and  scrub  oak 
with  a  scattering  of  red  oak  and  hickory.  Much  less  productive 
than  the  Shelby  silt  loam.  Adapted  to  pasturage  and  poorly 
adapted  to  wheat  and  corn.  The  former  yields  an  average  of 
about  10  bushels  and  the  latter  about  25  bushels  per  acre.     Used 

almost  exclusively  for  pasture. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 14        32        40        13 

Subsoil  (3) 12        20        25        40 

Acres. 
Shelby  County,  Mo 71, 168 

Hobart  clay. — A  shallow  covering  of  from  1  to  4  inches  of  a  gray 
or  dark -brown  clay,  underlain  to  a  depth  of  3  or  4  feet  by  heavy 
drab-colored  clay.  Below  this  the  subsoil  is  mixed  with  fragments 
of  the  underlying  shale,  and  finally  grades  into  shale  rock.  The 
soil  as  well  as  the  subsoil  contains  fragments  of  shale.  When  the 
soil  is  wet,  it  is  very  adhesive  under  foot  and  has  a  greasy,  oily  feel. 
In  dry  weather  it  often  bakes  to  the  detriment  of  growing  crops. 
On  account  of  the  impervious  clay  and  shale  underlying  these  soils, 
there  are  many  fresh-water  springs.  Owing  to  the  stiff  tenacious 
character  of  the  soil  and  its  location  on  the  steep  sides  of  bluffs  it 
has  little  value  except  as  a  sheep  and  cattle  pasture. 

12        3         4 
Soil  (2) 1        2        14        85 

Acres. 
Jamestown,  N.  Dak 3, 712 


Residual  Soils  of  the  Prairie  Region.  129 

Fargo  clay.— Heavy  black  clay  6  to  14  inches  deep,  underlain  by 
gray  or  blue  clay  of  the  same  texture.  At  from  5  to  9  feet  occurs 
a  mottled  gray,  brown,  and  yellow  clay,  similar  to  the  subsoil  of 
the  Miami  black  clay  loam.  When  wet  this  type  is  very  waxy  and 
gummy  and  has  an  oily  feel.  It  is  exceedingly  slippery  under  foot 
and  often  sticks  to  wagon  wheels  in  great  quantities.  Very  diffi- 
cult to  till.  Occurs  in  depressions  in  the  upland.  Drainage  poor. 
Very  strong  and  prod-ctive  soil  when  well  drained.     Adapted  to 

general  farm  crops. 

1         J         3         4 

Soil  (2) 3        12        36        50 

Subsoil  (2) 1  7        26        66 

Acres. 
Fargo,  N.  Dak 40, 000 

RESIDUAL  SOILS  OF  THE  PRAIRIE  REOIO>. 

OSWEGO    SEEIES. 

The  soils  of  this  series  are  derived  from  interbedded  sandstone, 
limestone,  and  shale.  4 

Oswego  fine  sandy  loam. — A  yellowish-brown  heavy  fine  sandy 
loam  with  a  depth  of  12  inches  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  the  same 
material  of  a  lighter  yellowish  color  and  somewhat  heavier  in  tex- 
ture. This  is  an  upland  soil  occupying  low,  rounded  knobs  and 
ridges,  and  having  a  rolling  surface.  The  drainage  is  excellent. 
The  type  is  residual,  being  derived  from  sandstone  and  arenaceous 
shale,  which  occurs  in  places  a  few  feet  beneath  the  surface.  Corn 
and  oats  are  the  important  crops,  the  former  yielding  from  20  to 
30  bushels,  and  the  latter  about  25  bushels  per  acre.  Very  little 
wheat  is  grown  on  this  soil,  as  it  is  likely  to  winter-kill.  Best 
adajjted  to  fruit  and  truck. 

1         -2         .3         4 

Soil  (2) 2        52        32        14 

Subsoil(2j 2        50        32        17 

Acres. 
Parsons,  Kans 9, 728 

Oswego  loam. — A  gray  to  yellowish  silt  loam,  0  to  10  inches  deep, 
grading  into  a  stiff  clay,  becoming  stiffer  and  more  impervious  as 
the  depth  increases.     Occupies  gently  rolling  upland  prairies.     De- 
31896—04 9 


130  Residual  Soils  of  the  Prairie  Region. 

rived  from  shale,  with  here  and  there  an  interbedded  layer  of  sand- 
stone or  limestone,  and  in  places  outcrops  of  bituminous  coal. 
When  dry  is  apt  to  bake  and  crack,  l)ut  breaks  up  into  a  mellow- 
loam  when  plowed.  A  soil  of  fair  productivity,  used  for  general 
farm  crops.  The  average  yield  of  wheat  is  about  18  bushels,  of 
corn  25  bushels,  and  of  potatoes  80  to  100  bushels  per  acre.  Flax 
and  rye  are  grown  to  some  extent. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 3        22        57        17 

Subsoil  (3) 3        17        52        28 

Acres. 
Parsons,  Kans 92, 096 

Oswego  silt  loam. — The  surface  soil  is  ashy-white,  fine,  soft, 
flourlike  silt  loam,  with  a  depth  of  12  inches,  changing  abrui)tly 
at  that  depth  into  a  stiff,  very  impervious  drab  to  reddish-colored 
silty  clay,  locally  know  as  hardpan.  Found  in  nearly  level  areas. 
Origin  a  matter  of  conjecture,  for  while  overlying  the  shale  rock 
and  being,  it  is  thought,  partly  or  wholly  derived  therefrom,  the 
remarkably  uniform  depth  of  soil  and  sharp  demarcation  between 
the  soil  and  subsoil,  together  with  the  existencte  of  layers  of  water- 
worn  gravel,  sometimes  found  at  18  or  20  feet  below  the  surface, 
seem  to  indicate  the  agencies  of  water  or  wind,  or  both,  in  the 
formation  of  the  type.  Soil  clods  badly  if  plowed  when  too  moist, 
but  is  easily  put  in  good  tilth  by  further  cultivation.  The  type 
is  not  a  strong  soil  but  could  be  brought  to  a  much  higher  state 
of  productiveness  by  manuring,  plowing  under  green  crops,  and 
deeper  plowing.  Wheat,  corn,  and  hay  are  the  principal  crops, 
yielding,  respectively,  an  average  of  15,  25,  and  15  bushels  jier  acre. 
Flax,  formerly  grown,  produced  10  bushels  per  acre.  AVild  hay, 
an  important  product,  yields  from  1  to  \\  tons  per  acre.  Sweet 
and  Irish  potatoes  and  melons  give  fairly  good  yields.  Seems  best 
adapted  to  grass  and  wheat. 

1  •-'         3         4 

Soil  (3) 1        12        72        14 

Subsoil  (3) ' 1  "        t'5        27 

Acres. 
Parsons,  Kans 21,568 


Sedgvjick  Series.  131 

SEDGWICK    SERIES. 

Sedgwick  sandy  loam. — A  medium  to  fine  reddish-brown  or 
chocolate-brown  sand  10  inches  deep,  underlain  to  depth  of  20 
inches  by  a  reddish-brown  sticky  sand,  resting  on  a  heavy  sandy 
clav.  Occupies  rolling  upland  i)rairie  west  of  Arkansas  River. 
Adapted  to  corn,  wheat,  and  other  grains.     Also  a  good  soil  for 

fruit. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (4) ■ 21        45        24  9 

Subsoil  (4) 21        36        25        IS 

Acres. 
Russell,  Kans 24, 064 

Sedgwick  loam. — Consists  of  a  fine  mellow  reddish-brown  loam, 
10  inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  heavy,  somewhat  tenacious  brown 
loam,  containing  considerable  fine  sand.  Occupies  rolling  upland 
prairie,  is  easily  cultivated,  and  usually  well  drained.  Derived 
from  unconsolidated  material  of  Tertiary  age.  Adapted  to 
ordinary  farm  crops,  such  as  corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  Kafir  corn. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 10        21        6U        10 

Subsoil  (3) 10        19        57        11 

Acres. 
Wichita,  Kans 47, 040 

Sedgwick  clay  loam. — A  chocolate-brown  to  dark-brown  friable 
silty  loam  about  9  inches  deep;  at  from  9  to  20  inches  it  grades  from 
a  heavy  brown  clay  loam  to  a  dark-brown  clay;  at  from  20  to  36 
inches  it  becomes  lighter  in  color  and  more  silty.  When  wet  the 
soil  is  very  sticky,  and  in  drying  forms  a  thin  crust  on  the  surface. 
Occupies  a  high  rolling  prairie  and  is  well  drained.  Derived  from 
the  weathering  of  Carboniferous  limestones  and  shales.  Adapted 
to  the  production  of  corn,  wheat,  hay,  fruit,  and  vegetables. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (6) 2        13        73        12 

Subsoil  (6) 2  9        74        15 

Acres. 
Russell-,  Kans 91, 648 

Sedgwick  black  clay  loam. — A  fine-grained  black  silty  loam,  12 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  tough  heavy  bluish-gray  to  drab  clay, 
extending  to  a  depth  of  3  feet  or  more.  Occupies  flat  or  depressed 
areas  on  upland  prairie,  and  is  poorly  drained.     Formed,  from 


132  Residual  Soils  of  the  Prairie  Region. 

wash  from  the  surrounding  soils.  Generally  used  only  for  pas- 
ture, although  thorough  drainage  converts  it  into  land  well  adapted 
to  wheat  and  corn. 

1         J         3  4 

Soil  (1) 3        39        48  9 

Subsoil  (1) 1        17        52        31 

Acres'. 
Wichita,  Kans 5, 568 

MISCELLANEOUS    RESIDUAL   SOILS   OF   THE    PRAIRIE    REGION. 

Lincoln  sandy  loam. — The  soil  is  a  light-gray  to  brown  sandy 
loam  from  0  to  15  inches  in  depth,  resting  on  a  lighter  colored 
material  slightly  more  sandy  than  the  soil.  Occupies  low,  flat 
areas  bordering  streams,  and  is  a  pure  alluvial  in  origin.  Not  sub- 
ject to  overflow,  and  in  general  well  drained.  Best  adapted  to 
corn  and  alfalfa,  which  sometimes  suffer  from  drought  owing  to 
the  loose  porous  nature. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (3) 5        68        18  9 

Subsoil  (3) 5        62        22        10 

Acre?. 
Russell,  Kans 8,8S2 

Benton  loam. — A  light-brown  or  grayish  silty  loam  from  3  to  12 
inches  deep,  often  containing  small  fragments  of  shale  and  lime- 
stone, resting  on  a  subsoil  of  lighter  color,  almost  wholly  made  up 
of  partially  decomposed  shale,  but  carrying  a  small  proportion  of 
limestone,  also  in  various  stages  of  disintegration.  At  a  dej)th  of 
from  25  to  36  inches  the  rotten  shale  and  limestone  in  the  subsoil 
often  appear  as  soft  chalky  particles.  The  soil  occurs  along  the 
banks  and  ridges  bordering  streams,  and  the  topography  is  rough 
and  broken.  The  drainage  is  rapid,  and  if  anything  too  thorough, 
while  the  steeper  slopes  are  subject  to  erosion.  The  soil  is  resid- 
ual, being  derived  from  layers  of  fossiliferous  shale  and  limestone. 
Supports  a  good  growth  of  grasses,  and  because  of  its  rough,  uneven 
surface  it  is  used  mainly  for  pastures.  On  the  more  level  slopes 
Kafir  corn   and   sorghum    are   grown.     Well   adapted   to   stock 

raising. 

1  •_'  3  4 

Soil  (2) 13  25  32  32 

Subsoil  (2) 13  20  25  42 

.\cres. 
Russell,  Kiins 35, 456 


Soils  of  the  Far  West.  133 

"Waldo  loam. — Brown  or  grayish-brown  silty  loam,  about  12 
inches  deep,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  the  same  character,  but  of 
lighter  color  and  becoming  heavier  with  depth.  Bottom  soil 
along  smaller  streams.  Derived  from  the  erosion  of  limestone  and 
shale.  It  is  well  drained  and  not  subject  to  overflow.  The 
average  yield  of  wheat,  from  12  to  15  bushels;  of  corn,  25  to  30 
bushels  per  acre.  Alfalfa  produces  from  4  to  5  tons  per  acre.  In 
general  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (3) 3        23        58        15 

Subsoil  (3) 2        17        62        19 

Acres. 
Russell,  Kans 12, 864 

SOILS  OF  THE  FAR  WEST. 

MARICOPA    SERIES. 

This  series  is  made  up  of  colluvial  soils  of  granitic  origin. 

Maricopa  stony  loam. — Sandy  loam  4  to  6  feet  deep,  containing 
stones  and  bowlders,  underlain  by  bed  rock  and  masses  of  bowl- 
ders. These  often  project  above'the  surface.  Lower  slopes  of 
the  mountains.  Has  little  agricultural  value  at  present,  being  too 
stony,  and  besides  usually  lying  too  high  for  irrigation.  But  for 
this  disadvantage  of  position  in  most  areas  and  the  scarcity  of 
water  in  others,  some  part  of  this  soil  might  be  used  in  fruit 


growing. 


Acres. 

Provo,  Utah 33, 728 

Salt  Lake,  Utah n  16, 600 


Acres. 

Sevier  Valley,  Utah o  4, 210 

Weber  County,  Utah «  5, 700 


Maricopa  gravelly  loam. — Sandy  loam  6  feet  or  more  in  depth, 
containing  gravel  within  3  feet  or  less  of  the  surface;  always  well 
drained.  Gravel  usually  from  one-half  inch  to  \\  inches  in 
diameter,  generally  increasing  in  amount  in  lower  depths.  High 
bench  lands  and  sloping  valley  floors  in  narrow  valleys.  When 
too  high  for  irrigation  this  soil  is  used  to  some  extent  for  dry 
farming  to  wheat.     When  irrigated  it   forms  desirable  land   for 

a  Mapped  as  Bingham  stony  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


lU  8oiUoftheFar  IIW. 

alfalfa,  »rain,  and  fruit.     In  California  fruit  is  grown  on  this  soil 
without  irrigation.     Considerable  seepage  from  canals. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (22) 16        41        26        13 

Subsoil  (10) 14        44        26        12 

Acres.  I  Acres. 

Baker  City,  Oreg 17,210  '  Sau  Gabriel,  Cal M5,360 

Sevier  Valley,  Utah «  38,  400 

Solom^nsville,  Ariz 12, 864 

Ventura,  Cal ^4,310 


Los  Angeles,  Cal 5, 952 

Prove,  Utah 48,128 

Salt  Lake,  Utah «  35,  -.^SO 

Salt  River  Vallev,  Ariz 51,066 


Maricopa  sand. — A  coarse,  loose,  incoherent  sand,  3  feet  deep, 

underlain   by   sandy   loam   grading   to   sandy   adobe.     Occupies 

higher  slopes  and  levels.     Has  excellent  natural  drainage.     O^vea 

its  origin  to  deposition  by  streams. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (2) 20        47  25  9 

Subsoil  (1) 18        54  21  7 

Acres. 
Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo. . .  14, 208 
Soloraonsville,  Ariz 17, 728 

Maricopa  sandy  loam. — Sand\*loam  with  less  than  10  per  cent  of 
gravel,  3  feet  in  depth,  underlain  })y  sandy  loam  containing  layers 
of  calcareous  hardpan.  Composed  of  colluvial  granitic  material. 
Medium  elevation  in  Salt  River  Valley,  Arizona.  Adapted  to 
alfalfa,  fruit,  and  grain. 

1  2  3  4 

Soil  (19) 19        41        24        13 

Subsoil  (9) 16        34        31        18 

Acres. 

Baker  City,  Greg 30, 784 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 13, 888 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo.  156,096 


Acres. 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 106, 906 

Solomonsville,  Ariz 10. 368 


Maricopa  loam. — Reddish  loam,  3  to  6  feet  in  depth,  underlain 
l>y  loam  containing  layers  of  calcareous  hardpan.  Lower  valley 
land.  Colluvial  soil,  derived  from  finer  waste  of  mountain  slopes. 
Adapted  to  alfalfa  and  grain. 

«  Mapped  as  Bingham  gravelly  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 
''Mapped  as  San  Gabriel  gravelly  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  here- 
after. 


Maricopa  Series.  135 

12  3  4 

Soil  (3) 7        33        26        27 

Subsoil  (3) 9        39        26        22 

Acres. 
Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 20, 650 

Maricopa  silt  loam. — A  heavy  brownish  silt  loam,  with  a  depth 
of  6  feet  or  more.  The  soil  has  an  exceedingly  iine  texture,  crum- 
bling to  an  impalpable  powder  when  dry,  but  becoming  very 
sticky  when  wet.  It  is  easily  puddled,  bakes  upon  exposure  to 
the  sun,  and  somewhat  resembles  an  adobe  in  physical  character- 
istics. Erodes  into  vertical  walls,  washes,  and  gullies.  Except  as 
very  small  particles,  the  occurrence  of  gravel  on  the  surface  is  rare. 
Occurs  in  valleys  and  along  streams.  Generally  level,  except 
where  cut  by  washes.  Native  vegetation  is  sparse  and  often  want- 
ing on  wind-swept  areas.  Both  surface  and  subdrainage  is  apt  to 
be  deficient.  Some  alkali  accumulations  where  irrigated.  Best 
adapted  to  alfalfa,  wheat,  barley,  sorghum,  Egyptian  and  Indian 
corn,  and  sugar  Vjeets. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (2) 1  7        68        25 

Subsoil  (3) 0        19        56        25 

Acres. 
Solomonsville,  Ariz 11,648 

Maricopa  clay  loam. — Stiff  reddish  clay  loam,  6  feet  or  more  in 

depth.     Low  valley  land.     Colluvial  soil,  heaviest  product  of  the 

wash  from  the  mountain   slopes.     Adapted  to  grain  crops,  but 

rather  heavy  and  compact  for  alfalfa. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (1) 10        21  38  31 

Subsoil  (1) 2        15  53  29 

Acres. 
Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo  . . .  832 
Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 8, 713 

Maricopa  sandy  adobe. — A  yellowish-brown  or  reddish  sandy 
adobe  6  feet  or  more  in  depth.  Occupies  lower  levels.  Drainage 
good.  Owes  its  origin  to  stream  wash  and  disintegration  of  rocks 
in  place.  Contains  some  alkali.  Alfalfa  principal  crop,  but  good 
yields  of  sorghum,  corn,  wheat,  and  oats  are  produced. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (2) 7        50        28        16 

Subsoil  (2) u        45        -Jl        26 

Acres. 
Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo. . .  37. 284 


136 


Soils  of  tJie  Far  West. 


FRESNO    SERIES. 

The  Fresno  series  and  associated  soils  are  of  granitic  origin,  and 
occupy  valleys  and  Pacific  Coastal  plain. 

Fresno  sand. — Coarse,  loose,  incoherent  sand,  6  feet  or  more  in 
depth,  naturally  free  from  alkali.  Level  plains,  deltas;  of  sedi- 
mentar}'  origin.  Adapted  to  stone  fruits  and  truck  when  irri- 
gated; occasionally  dry-farmed  to  wheat.  Is  used  for  English 
walnuts.     Similar  to  Norfolk  sand  truck  soils  of  the  Eastern  States. 


Soil  (31) 30        54 

Subsoil  (9) 27        47 


3         4 

10        4 
16        6 


Acres. 

Fresno,  Cal 163, 200 

Hanford,  Cal 20,790 

Indio,  Cal 50,112 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 58, 112 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo. .    95, 680 
Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal  25,030 


Acres. 

Provo,  Utah 10, 368 

Salt  Lake,  Utal "3, 020 

San  Gabriel,  Cal b45, 420 

Santa  Ann.  Cal 66, 380 

Ventura,  Cal 6, 430 

Weber  County,  Utah ('23, 700 


Fresno  red  sand. — This  soil  consists  of  compact  red  sand  of 
medium  texture  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more.  It  is  derived  from 
disintegration  of  crystalline  rocks.  This  material  has  been  carried 
down  from  the  mountains  and  distributed  usually  in  gentle  slopes 
by  foothill  streams.  The  surface  is  also  somewhat  modified  by 
wind  action.  It  is  well  drained,  free  from  alkali,  and  adapted  to 
vines,  stone  fruits,  and  truck  crops. 

1  1»         3       4 

Soil  (5) 42        48        7        5 

Acres. 
Fresno,  Cal 43, 776 

Fresno  fine  sand. — Dark-reddish  fine  sand,  micaceous,  usually  6 
feet  or  more  in  depth,  but  often  streaked  with  coarse  sedimentary 
deposits.  Sometimes  underlain  by  sand  or  fine  sandy  loam. 
Occurs  in  level  delta  plains  and  low  river  terraces.  Derived 
largely   from   disintegration   of   granitic   rocks.     Generally   well 

"Mapped  as  Jordan  sand,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 
b  Mapped  in  part  as  San  Gabriel  gravelly  sand,  but  now  included  as  a  gravelly 
phase  of  Fresno  sand, 
f  Mapped  in  i)art  as  Jordan  sand,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


Fresno  Series,  137 

drained,  but  at  times  (in  the  Hanford  area)  alkaline.     Excellent 
fruit  soil.     Used  for  alfalfa,  beets,  potatoes,  and  truck  crops. 

12         3        4 

Soil  (7)  12        58        24        6 

Subsoil  (6) 13        46        29        8 

Acres.  Acres 

Hanford,  Cal rt51,250     Los  Angeles,  Cal 16,128 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo..      5,952     Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 17,040 

Fresno  sandy  loam. — Sandy  loam  or  very  fine  sand  with  proper- 
ties of  sandy  loam,  3  feet  in  depth,  white  in  color,  ashy  texture, 
and  locally  known  as  "white-ash  land,"  underlain  by  bluish  cal- 
careous alkali  hardpan,  which  softens  upon  application  of  water. 
Lower,  level  plains  of  Fresno  County,  Cal.,  derived  from  degrada- 
tion of  beds  of  sand,  clay,  and  volcanic  ash.  Generally  contains 
alkali;  when  free  from  such  it  is  an  excellent  grape  and  fruit  soil. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (12) 6        53        2»3        12 

Subsoil  (10) S        54        29         9 

Acres. 

Fresno,  Cal 69,811 

Hanford,  Cal 10, 860 

Indio,  Cal 36, 032 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam. — Fine  sand  having  the  properties  of  a 
sandy  loam  to  a  depth  of  from  3  to  6  feet,  grading  into  a  coarse 
sand.  Coastal  and  delta  plains  of  rivers.  Well  adapted  to  such 
crops  as  alfalfa,  Lima  beans,  and  grain,  and  truck  crops,  but  not 
so  well  adapted  to  fruit,  except  when  well  drained.  A  fine  Eng- 
lish walnut  soil  in  Southern  California. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (24) 5        48        34  9 

Subsoil  (18) 7        53        28        11 

Acres.   |  Acres. 


Indio,  Cal 36, 032 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo  .  236,288 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 18, 130 

San  Gabriel,  Cal 10, 790 


Santa  Ana,  Cal 11, 552 

Ventura,  Cal 12, 900 

Weber  County,  Utah 86, 400 


«  Mapped  as  Hanford  fine  sand,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


138  Soils  of  the  Far  West. 

SOILS   ASSOCIATED    WITH    THE    FRESNO    SERIES. 

Soledad  gravelly  sand. — Very  coarse  brown  sand  and  fine  gravel, 
composed  of  shar[)  fragiiients  of  granitic  rocks  and  6  feet  or  more 
in  depth.  Occurs  upon  large  fans  of  from  3°  to  5°  slope,  extend- 
ing from  granitic  foothill  formation.  Surface  sometimes  becomes 
compact  and  very  hard,  especially  when  packed  in  roads.  Eather 
deficient  in  plant  food  and  not  retentive  of  moisture.  Adapted  to 
grain,  with  fair  yields  in  favorable  seasons.     Free  from  alkali. 

12         3        4 
Soil  (1) 51        23        13        9 

Acres. 
Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 7, 600 

Hanford  fine  sandy  loam. — Dark-colored  fine  sandy  loam,  mica- 
ceous, 4  feet  in  depth,  underlain  usually  by  2  feet  or  more  of  loam 
or  sandy  clay.  Occurs  in  level  delta  plains,  and  is  derived  largely 
from  the  disintegration  of  granitic  rocks.  Good  corn  and  grain 
land;  also  valued  for  vineyards.  Generally  free  from  alkali.  Prob- 
ably should  have  been  correlated  with  Fresno  fine  sandy  loam. 

1         1'         3  4 

Soil  (2) 9        37        34        15 

Subsoil  (2) 7        37        42        12 

Acres. 
Hanford,  Cal 30, 010 

Salinas  gray  adobe. — Dark-gray  adobe,  grading  in  texture  from 
sandy  loam  containing  considerable  fine  gravel  to  silt  loam.  Oc- 
curs about  edge  of  foothills  and  extends  into  the  bottom  lands. 
Thirty  inches  or  more  in  depth,  usually  underlain  l)y  a  fine  sandy 
loam  and  fine  sand,  occasionally  by  coarse  sand  and  gravel.  Seems 
to  be  derived  largely  from  granitic  material.  Adapted  to  barley 
and  other  grains  and  sugar  beets.  A  loose,  friable,  and  excellent 
soil  if  irrigated  and  properly  cultivated,  but  refractory  if  allowed 
to  bake.     Generally  free  from  alkali. 

1  2  3  4 

Son  (5) 9        21        38        31 

Subsoil  (5) 13        27        30        27 

Acres. 
Lower  Salinas  Valley,  (a  1 Ls,  400 


2 

3 

4 

45 

24 

10 

36 

26 

19 

Yakima  Series.  139 

San  Joaquin  red  adobe. — Sticky  red  adobe,  with  texture  of  loam, 
6  feet  in  depth;  iisuaUy  a  layer  of  red  sandstone  hardi:)an  in  lower 
3  feet.  Margins  of  plains  adjacent  to  foothill  streams;  derived 
from  foothill  stream  wash,     .\dapted  to  grain  crops. 

1 

Soil  (3) 18 

Subsoil  (1) 15 

Acres. 
Fresno,  Cal 12, 691 

San  Joaquin  black  adobe. — Heavy  black  or  brown  adobe  soil,  4 
to  6  feet  deep.  Subsoil  varies  from  sandy  adobe  to  heavy  clay 
adobe,  or  it  may  be  decomposing  shale.  ^Margins  of  valleys  along 
foothill  streams  in  California,  often  extending  out  into  the  val- 
leys. Derived  from  crystalline  rocks  or  shale.  Soil  is  difficult  to 
till,  but  very  productive.  Adapted  to  grain  crops  and  used  at 
present  for  citrus  fruits  where  water  supply  is  adequate. 

1 

Soil  (18)  5 

Subsoil  (17) 2 


>> 

3 

4 

18 

39 

34 

15 

43 

36 

Acres. 

Fresno,  Cal 5, 664 

Hanford,  Cal 5, 470 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 37, 440 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo  . .     4, 096 
Lower  Salinas  Valley, Cal 11, 580 


Acres. 

San  Gabriel,  Cal 23, 650 

San  Jose,  Cal 30, 400 

Santa  Ana,  Cal 16, 038 

Ventura,  Cal 4, 290 


YAKIMA    SERUMS. 

This  series  is  derived  mainly  from  the  disintegration  of  basaltic 
rocks  and  volcanic  ash  material. 

Yakima  stony  loam. — Basaltic  bowlders  and  outcroppings  in  too 
great  quantity  to  permit  of  cultivation.  Space  between  bowlders 
occupied  by  small  patches  of  Yakima  sandy  loam.  Occurs  on  hill- 
sides and  plateaus  in  valleys.     Well  drained  and  free  from  alkali. 

Acres. 
Yakima,  Wash 8, 960 

Yakima  gravelly  loam. — A  loam  soil  containing  from  25  to  80  per 
cent  of  rounded,  waterworn  basaltic  gravel,  usually  from  one-half 
inch   to   3  inches    in   diameter.      Occupies  valleys  along   small 


140  SolU  of  the  Far  West. 

streams,  and  has  been  formed  by  material  brought  down  from 
higher  levels  by  these  streams.  Greater  part  used  for  pasture, 
although  when  cleared  and  cultivated,  well  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  fruits,  vegetables,  and  small  berries. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (1) 13        33        44         8 

Acres. 
Walla  Walla,  Wash 10, 048 

Yakima  sand. — Medium  and  tine  sand,  a  few  inches  to  6  feet  in 
depth.  Underlain  by  sandy  loam  of  same  composition  as  Yakima 
sandy  loam.  Of  jeolian  origin,  occurring  in  dunes  and  drifted 
areas.  Adapted  to  hops,  fruit,  berries,  alfalfa,  grass,  and  truck, 
but  difficult  to  cultivate  on  account  of  drifting.  Generally  well 
drained  and  free  from  alkali  in  its  uncultivated  condition. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (4) 16        67        12         4 

Subsoil  (3) 2        56        35         4 

Acres. 

Blackfoot,  Idaho 31, 104 

Boise^  Idaho f  17, 430 

Yakima,  Wash ?' 20,  660 

Yakima  fine  sand. — A  light  brown,  gray,  or  ash-colored  sand  3 
feet  deep,  underlain  by  sand  or  gravel.  Occupies  low,  level  ter- 
races or  benches  along  Clearwater  River.  Easy  to  cultivate,  and 
owes  its  origin  to  weathering  of  blended  alluvial  deposits.  Fruit 
the  principal  product. 

12         3        4 

Soil  (3) 5        54        32        5 

Subsoil  (1 )  8        51        33        7 

Acres. 
Lewiston,  Idaho 2, 112 

Yakima  sandy  loam. — Grayish,  fine  sandy  loam,  6  feet  or  more  in 
depth,  with  occasional  strata  of  tine  sand  and  bands  of  V(dcanic 
ash  in  surface  6  feet.  Occupies  hills,  slopes,  and  level  valley  floors. 
Adapted  to  hops,  fruits,  and  hay  crops. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (17) 7        30        52  9 

Subsoil  (16)  5        24        58        11 


n  Mapped  as  Snake  River  sand,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 
''Mapped  as  Sunnyside  sand,  which  name  Avill  not  be  used  hereafter. 


Yakima  Series.  141 

Acres,  i  Acres. 

Baker  City,  Oreg 10, 816    Walla  Walla,  Wash 64, 896 

Lewiston.  Idaho  6, 20s    Yakima,  Wash 149, 580 

Yakima  fine  sandy  loam. — The  surface  soil  in  a  mellow,  friable, 
brown  sandy  loam  from  10  to  16  inches  deep.  The  subsoil  con- 
sists of  a  light-brown  silty  loam,  heavier  and  more  plastic  than  the 
surface  soil.  The  type  is  easily  tilled  and  well  drained.  Gener- 
ally occupies  rolling  hills.     Wheat  is  the  principal  crop. 

1        i 

Soil  (11) 2        16 

Subsoil  (7)  1        12 

Acres. 

Lewiston.  Idaho 172, 992 

Walla  Walla,  Wash 26,  688 

Yakima  loam. — Loamy  soil  2  to  6  feet  in  depth,  sometimes  over- 
lying sandy  loam  or  sand,  but  often  resting  directly  on  coarse  gravel. 
Not  well  drained.  Usually  free  from  alkali.  Alluvial  soil.  Hay 
and  pasture  land. 

1 

Soil  (7) 4 

Subsoil  (6) 8 


3 

4 

72 

10 

76 

10 

2 

3 

4 

29 

51 

14 

30 

43 

18 

Acres. 

Baker  City,  Oreg 29,760 

Blackford.  Idaho 241, 216 


Acres. 

Boise,  Idaho « 1, 500 

Walla  Walla,  Wash 3, 392 


Yakima  silt  loan. — A  grayish-blue,  brown,  or  black  loam,  rang- 
ing from  a  tine  sandy  to  a  heavy  silty  texture,  and  about  10  inches 
deep,  underlain  by  a  dark-gray  or  bluish  loam  with  adobe  tenden- 
cies. This  is  in  turn  underlain  by  a  lighter  material,  occasionally 
of  a  yellowish  cast,  containing  some  sand.  Occupies  valleys  and 
is  generally  (piite  level.  Formed  by  weathering  of  sediment 
washed  from  hills  of  Yakima  fine  sandy  loam.  AVheat  forms  the 
principal  crop.     Timothy,  barley,  oats,  and  alfalfa  are  also  grown. 

1        2 

Soil  (3)  4        12 

Subsoil  (3) 3        19 

Acres. 
Lewiston,  Idaho 15, 936 

«  Mapped  as  Caldwell  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


3 

4 

68 

15 

64 

14 

142  Soihofthr  Far  V^est, 

REDFIELD    SERIES. 

This  series  is  derived  from  disintegration  of  red  sandstone  and 
usually  occupies  valley  areas. 

Redfield  sandy  loam. — Red  sandy  loam,  6  feet  in  depth.  Soil 
derived  from  disintegration  of  red  sandstone,  and  is  usually  well 
drained.  In  certain  areas  soil  contains  gravel  within  3  feet  cf  sur- 
face, and  this  gravel  increases  in  amount  and  size  in  lower  depths. 
Valley  floor  sloping  gently  toward  the  mountains,  or  upper  bench 
lands.  Adapted  to  alfalfa  and  grain,  when  so  situated  that  irriga- 
tion is  possible. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (8) 8        43        30        13 

Subsoil  (13) 6        43        32        11 

Acres. 

Laramie,  Wyo 42, 624 

Sevier  Valley,  Utah  .\ 44, 200 

Redfield  loam. — Vermilion-colored  loam,  5  feet  deep,  underlain 
by  clay  to  a  considerable  depth.  Poorly  drained  soil,  containing 
large  quantities  of  alkali.  Level  valley  floor.  Excellent  land  for 
general  farming  purposes  when  drained  and  free  from  alkali. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (2) 1         19         '^'2        22 

Subsoil  (4 ) 2        21        48        21 

Acres. 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah 14, 100 

Redfield  clay  loam. — Clay  5  feet  in  depth,  of  vermilion-red  color, 
underlain  by  sand.  Clay  is  quite  tenacious  and  difficult  to  till. 
Poorly  drained  soil,  containing  considerable  alkali.  Low  and  level 
valley  land.     Of  little  agricultural  value  except  as  meadow  land. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (2) 2         10        53        27 

Subsoil  (4) 0         9        52        30 

Acres. 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah 3, 800 

OXNARD    SERIES. 

This  series  is  formed  from  sandstone  and  shale  material  and  is 
found  mainly  on  delta  j)lains. 

Oxnard  sand. — Brownish  sand,  consisting  chiefly  of  quartz  i)ar- 
ticles,  medium  to  fine  in  texture,  6  feet  or  more  in  depth.     Occurs 


Oxnarcl  Series.  1^3 

on  river  deltas'.  When  first  cultivated  is  shifted  by  the  wind,  and 
in  Ventura  County,  Cal.,  protection  by  wind-breaks  of  trees  is 
necessary.  The  grains  of  sand  have  been  somewhat  rounded  by 
wind  action.  This  soil  is  best  adapted  to  lima  beans  and  English 
walnuts,  which  are  grown  both  with  and  without  irrio-ation.  On 
alkaline  areas  sugar  beets  are  successfully  grown.  Barley  and 
corn  are  also  grown. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (3) 29        nl         13        8 

Subsoil  (2) 50        32        11        9 

Acre.s. 

Los  Angeles.  Cal 35, 840 

Ventura.  Cal 16. 200 

Oxnard  sandy  loam. — Brown  or  black,  mellow,   loose,   friable, 

open  soil  of  peculiar  woody  feel,  4  to  5  feet  deep,  underlain  by 

heavy  sandy  loam  or  loam.     Derived  from  waste  from  sandstone 

and  shale  hills.     Occurs  on  delta  plains.     When  free  from  alkali, 

adapted  to  lima  beans  and  sugar  beets;  when  alkaline,  adapted  to 

sugar  beets  and  barley.     Generally  well  drained,  but  frequently 

containing  a  harmful  quantity  of  alkali  salts. 

1  1         3  4 

Soil  (1) 27        38        18        13 

Subsoil  (1) 6        30        28        31 

Acres. 
Ventura,  Cal 53, 200 

Oxnard  loam. — Heavy,  sticky,  brown  or  black  loam,  underlain  at 

3  or  4  feet  by   a  com|)act  and  heavier  phase  of  the  same  soil. 

Derived  from  wash  from  shales  and  sandstones,  and  laid  down  in 

delta  plains.     Adapted  to  barley   and  sugar  beets.     Frequently 

needs  draining. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (7) 5        23  39  32 

Subsoil  (,7) 6        23  3G  34 

Acres. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 19,  520 

San  Jose,  Cal 4,224 

Ventura,  Cal (i.SSO 

Oxnard  silt  loam. — Brown,  friable,  silt  loam,  6  feet  or  more  in 
depth,  derived  from  finer  sediments  of  streams  draining  sand- 
stone areas,  mixed  with  particles  of  organic  matter.  Occurs  in 
level  delta  plains.     Adapted  to  lima  l^eans,  corn,  and  barley  with- 


:j 

4 

58 

25 

52 

30 

144  Soils  of  the  Far  ^Vt8t. 

out  irrigation,  and  to  lima  beans,  Avalnuts,  and  deciduous  and 
citrus  fruits  when  irrigated.  Well  drained  and  free  from  alkali 
salts. 

1       J 

Soil  (2) 2        16 

Subsoil  (3) 1        14 

Acres. 

San  Jose,  Cal 25,920 

Ventura,  Cal 5, 320 

SOILS    ASSOCIATED    WITH    THE   OXNARD    SERIES. 

Salinas  shale  loam. — Very  light,  chalklike  loam,  5  to  6  feet  in 
depth,  grading  into  loam  of  texture  of  Oxnard  loam.  Light,  fria- 
ble, and  easily  cultivated;  sometimes  contains  large  percentage  of 
light  siliceous  gravel,  derived  from  the  beds  of  bituminous  shale 
of  Miocene  age.  Occurs  on  level,  gently  sloping  plains  near 
mountains.  Always  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  Adapted 
to  Lady  Washington  and  black-eyed  beans  and  barley. 

1         •_»         3         4 
Soil  (3) 4        21        51        20 

Acres. 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 13, 730 

Ventura,  Cal 2,544 

Fullerton  sandy  adobe.  —Brown  sandy  adobe  to  a  depth  of  5  feet, 
underlain  by  compact  sand  or  sandstone.  Residual  material  de- 
rived from  weathering  of  underlying  shaly  sandstone.  Foothills 
extending  down  into  level  valley  lands.  Dry  farmed  to  wheat, 
and  when  irrigated  used  to  some  extent  for  citrus  fruits. 

1  !>  3  4 

Soil  (3) 4         3t)         30        22 

Subsoil  (2) 2        40        36        20 

Acres. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 7,040 

Santa  Ana,  Cal 31,334 

Ventura,  Cal 1, 940 

BILLINGS   SERIES. 

The  soils  of  the  Billings  series  are  derived  from  the  disintegra- 
tion of  sandstone  and  shale. 

Billings  gravelly  loam. — A  sandy  loam  0  to  18  inches  deep,  under- 
lain by  loam  or  light  clay  loam  3  feet  deep,  both  containing  gravel, 


Billings  Series.  14:5 

beneath  which  is  found  waterworn  graveh  Found  iu  terraces 
which  were  formerly  river  banks.  Is  free  from  alkah  and  well 
drained.  Where  occurring  on  plateau  is  well  adapted  to  grain  and 
alfalfa. 

12         3         4 
Soil(2) 7        32        36        26 

Acres. 
Billings,  Mont 11 ,  776 

Billings  sandy  loam. — A  loam  0  to  12  inches  deep,  underlain  by 
light  yellow  sandy  loam  3  to  15  feet  deep,  under  which  is  found 
sandstone  fragments,  gravel,  or  sand.  Tills  very  easily.  Occupies 
hills.  Is  derived  from  disintegrated  sandstone.  Underdrainage 
good.     Adapted  to  all  crops  of  the  valley. 

12         3  4 

Soil(l) 1         61        22        12 

Subsoil  (2) 2        75        13        11 

Acres. 
Billings,  Mont 13, 568 

Billings  loam. — A  gray  to  black  sandy  loam,  0  to  12  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  loam  or  light  clay  loam  to  a  depth  of  from  2  to  6  feet, 
beneath  which  is  usually  found  a  sandy  loam  or  sand,  and  occa- 
sionally gravel.  The  surface  is'generally  level.  The  type  is  derived 
from  Fort  Benton  shale  and  limestone.     Adapted  to  grain  and 

vegetables,  and  in  some  localities  to  fruit. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (1) 1        27  40  31 

Subsoil  (2) 2        32  39  27 

Acres. 
Billings,  Mont 14,144 

Billings  clay. — Consists  of  a  loam  0  to  12  inches  deep,  underlain 
by  a  tough,  sticky,  impervious  dark-gray  to  black  loam  3  to  12 
feet  deep.  Formed  by  disintegration  of  Fort  Benton  shale.  The 
surface  becomes  very  hard  when  dry  and  the  type  is  difficult  to  till. 
Best  adapted  to  grass  for  pasturage  and  hay. 

12  3        4 

Soil  (3)  1        19        37        43 

Subsoil  (4) _ 2        17        38       44 

Acres. 

Billings,  Mont 17,088 

Laramie,  Wyo 16, 064 

31896—04 10 


146  Soils  of  the  Far  YTtst. 

Laurel  sandy  loam. — An  alluvial  sandy  loam  2  to  6  feet  deep, 
light-yellow  to  black  in  color,  underlain  by  gravel  and  sand  at 
lower  depths.  Surface  usually  level,  cut  by  sloughs  and  old  river 
channels,  and  swampy  areas  due  to  seepage  from  irrigating  ditches. 
Derived  from  deposits  of  the  Yellowstone  River.  Except  in  parts 
affected  by  alkali,  is  excellent  for  growing  grain,  vegetables,  and 
fruits. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (4) 11        50        29        12 

Subsoil  (4) 29        49        15         7 

Acres. 

Billings,  Mont 8, 832 

Laramie,  Wyo 29, 440 

SALT    LAKE   SERIES    AND    ASSOCIATED    SOILS. 

The  Salt  Lake  series  occurs  in  old  glacial  lake  beds,  particularly 
around  Great  Salt  Lake  and  Utah  Lake.  It  is  probable  that  this 
series  is  related  to  the  Maricopa  and  Fresno  series,  as  the  material 
is  of  the  same  granitic  origin. 

Salt  Lake  sand.  — Sand  consisting  of  about  80  per  cent  of  medium- 
sized  egg-shaped  or  spherical  particles,  largely  calcareous.  Occu- 
pies level  or  dune  areas.  Near  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  soil  is 
derived  from  the  breaking  up  of  lime  hardpan,  the  peculiar  and 
regular  shape  of  the  particles  resulting  from  the  wearing  and 
polishing  action  of  wind  and  water.  As  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
(ireat  Salt  Lake  the  soil  is  of  no  agricultural  value  because  of  its 

limited  extent  and  its  position. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (2) 65        32  1  2 

Acres. 

Provo,  Utah 1, 152 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 1,140 

Salt  Lake  sandy  loam. — Sandy  loam  2  feet  deep,  underlain  by 

fine  sand.     Level  i)lains,   recent   lake  bottoms.     Soil   is   poorly 

drained,  contains  an  excess  of  alkali,  and  is  bare  of  vegetation. 

For  these  reasons  it  has  no  present  agricultural  value. 

Acres. 
Weber  County,  Utah 49.  WO 

Jordan  sandy  loam. — Sandy  loam  2  feet  deep;  loam  to  4  feet; 
sand  to  5  iVet,  underlain   by  clay.     Level   ])lains,  generally  well 


Salt  Lake  Series  and  Associated  Soils.  14 


drained.     Derived  from  lacustrine  deposits  and  river  sediments. 

AVhen  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali  it  is  recognized  as  one  of 

the  best  of  soils  for  general  agricultural  i3urposes  and  such  crops 

as  grain,  alfalfa,  and  fruit. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (11) 8        41        33        16 

Subsoil  (6) 2        36        38        23 

Acres. 

Provo,  Utah 38, 400 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 48, 620 

Jordan  loam. — Loam  3  feet  deep,  underlain  by  stiff,  tenacious 

clay.     Level  low-lying  plains.     Origin,  lacustrine,  or  river  deposits, 

in  Salt  Lake  and  Sevier  counties,  T'tah.     Generally  contains  alkali. 

When  free  from  alkali  and  well  drained  this  soil  is  good  for  alfalfa 

and  ffrain  crops. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (12) 3        25  38  28 

Subsoil  (11)  6        29  3-5  24 

Acres. 

Provo,  Utah 99, 648 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 41, 900 

Weber  County,  Utah 15, 400 

Salt  Lake  loam. — Loam  2  feet  deep,  underlain  by  sandy  loam. 
Level  plains,  representing  recent  lake  bottom,  poorly  drained, 
containing  excessive  amounts  of  alkali.  Soil  is  not  adapted  to 
agriculture  at  present  on  account  of  low-lying  position,  imperfect 
drainage,  and  high  salt  content. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 3        40        31        28 

Subsoil  (2) 1        69        18        12 

Acres. 

Provo,  Utah 3, 456 

Weber  County,  Utah 9, 600 

Jordan  clay. — Tenacious  clay  or  clay  loam  6  feet  or  more  in  depth. 

Level,  low-lying  plains,  poorly  drained,  generally  containing  large 

quantities  of  alkali.     Origin,   lacustrine  deposits.     This  soil  has 

little  present  agricultural  value,   on  account  of  poor  drainage, 

general  occurrence  of  alkali,  and  impervious  nature  of  the  material. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (4) 5        16        30        49 

Subsoil  (7) 9        12        36        43 

Acres. 

Prove,  Utali 3, 840 

Salt  Lake,  Utah is,  510 


148  Soils  of  the  Far  Went. 

PECOS   SERIES    AND    ASSOCIATED   SOILS. 

These  soils  are  derived  from  lacustrine  deposits  and  stream 
wash,  and  are  usually  very  calcareous. 

Pecos  conglomerate. — Sandy  loam  to  a  depth  of  2  feet,  containing 
a  liigh  percentage  of  rounded  gravel,  resting  upon  conglomerate  or 
gravel  beds.  Bench  land  and  bluffs.  Soil  derived  from  disinte- 
gration of  conglomerate  beds;  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali 
salts;  readily  transmits  seepage  waters.  Not  adapted  to  any  agri- 
cultural purpose  at  present. 

1         2  3  4  ' 

isoil  (2) 3        56        17        18 

Acres. 
Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex 11,680 

Pecos  sand. — Fine  sand,  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  except  where 
drifted  over  other  formations.  Lies  along  rivers  by  which  it  has 
been  transported  from  the  mountains.  The  action  of  the  wind  has 
extended  the  areas,  and  the  surface  is  usually  covered  with  dunes. 
The  soil  is  calcareous  and  contains  small  amounts  of  alkali,  though 
not  enough  to  injure  plants.  Characteristic  vegetation:  Mesquite, 
willow,  canaigre,  yucca,  and  cottonwood.  Generally  well  drained. 
Adapted  to  truck,  fruit,  melons,  potatoes,  and  root  crops. 

12  3        4 

Soil  (1) 1        55        37        7 

Subsoil  (1) 2        62        33        3 

Acres. 

Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex 2, 810 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz i:<,960 

Solomonsville,  Ariz (i,  720 

Pecos  sandy  loam. — Soil  is  a  fine-grained  gray  sandy  loam,  80 
inches  deep;  sul)soil  is  a  gray  light  loam,  slightly  heavier  than 
the  soil.  Occupies  high,  level  valley  land.  Derived  from  lacus- 
trine deposits;  well  drained  and  generally  free  from  alkali.  Recog- 
nized as  the  best  general  farming  land. 

1         i         3         4 

Soil  (7) 3        46        25         IS 

Subsoil  (1) 0        36        27        31 

Acres. 

Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex 24, 770 

Roswcll,  N.  Mex 11,540 


IriijMrial  Series.  149 

Roswell  sandy  loam. — Heavy  gray  sandy  loam  12  inches  deep; 
subsoil  is  a  light  loam  underlain  by  clay  at  a  depth  of  5  feet. 
Level  second-bottom  land  derived  from  lacustrine  deposits,  poorly 
drained,   often  containing  alkali.     Recognized   as   good   farming 

land. 

I  •-'       ;}        4 

Soil  (3) 1         48        24        16 

Acres. 
Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex 9, 090 

Roswell  loam. — Loam,  4  feet  deep,  underlain  by  clay  loam  and 
clay.  Level,  low  bench  land.  Lacustrine  deposit.  Soil  is  natur- 
ally poorly  drained  and  contains  alkali,  ])ut  when  well  drained 
and  free  from  alkali  it  is  recognized  as  good  soil  for  general  farm 

crops. 

Acres. 
Pecos  Valley,  X.  Mex 2, 730 

IMPERIAL    SERIES. 

This  is  an  important  group  of  soils  found  in  the  Colorado  Delta. 

Imperial  gravelly  loam. — A  gravelly  loam  about  2  feet  deep, 
underlain  by  clay  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more.  In  some  areas  the 
interstitial  material  becomes  quite  sandy.  The  gravel  consists  of 
agate,  quartz,  chert,  limestone,  granite,  obsidian,  and  indurated 
clay,  varying  in  size  from  1  inch  to  5  or  6  inches  in  diameter. 
Represents  old  beach  lines  or  alluvial  cones.  In  the  lighter  phases 
the  soil  contains  little  alkali,  but  elsewhere  the  alkali  content  is 
high.  Too  rough  for  cultivation.  Subject  in  places  to  destructive 
erosions  by  mountain  floods.  Much  of  it  lies  too  high  for  culti- 
vation. When  irrigable  and  not  too  alkaline,  siatable  for  fruits 
and  vegetables. 

II  3         4 

Soil  (1) •'3        53         7        16 

Subsoil  (1) 7        17        25        51 

Acres. 
Imperial,  Cal 43,328 

Imperial  sand. — Fine  sand  5  feet  deep,  underlain  by  loam  or  clay. 
The  sand  is  generally  well  drained  and  free  from  harmful  quan- 
tities of  alkali,  but  the  loam  or  clay  subsoil  contains  alkali  in 
excess,  Avhich  will  rise  to  the  surface,  to  the  detriment  to  the  land. 


150  Soils  of  the  Far  TfW. 

should  excessive  irrigation  be  practiced.     This  soil  is  adapted  to 
any  of  the  crops  suitable  to  the  climate. 

1-234 

Soil  (4) 11         74         11  4 

Subsoil  (2) 1        53        24        20 

Acres. 

Imperial,  Cul 1 .  792 

Yuma,  Ariz 9, 062 

Imperial  sandy  loam. — A  fine-grained  sq^ndy  loam,  3  feet  deep, 
underlain  by  clay  ur  loam,  formed  by  dejwsition  of  coarsest  sedi- 
ments carried  by  Colorado  River.  Surface  irregular  and  covered 
with  dunes.  Where  free  from  excessive  alkali  the  soil  is  adapted 
to  any  crop  suitable  to  southern  arid  regions. 

12  .3         4 

Soil  (12) 0        30        50        16 

Subsoil  (9) 0        24        43        28 

Acres. 

Imperial,  Cal 126, 656 

Yuma,  Ariz 12,806 

Imperial  loam. — A  fine-grained  sticky  loam,  on  an  average  5  feet 
deep,  underlain  by  clay  or  clay  loam.  A  very  fertile  soil,  but  fre- 
quently contains  an  excess  of  alkali  salts.  Drainage  of  this  soil  is 
costly  and  difficult  on  account  of  its  close  grain.  When  free  from 
alkali  it  is  adapted  to  most  of  the  crops  suited  to  the  climate,  l)ut 
as  it  is  likely  to  pack,  annual  crops  or  cultivated  crops  will  prove 
most  profitable. 

1  •-'  3  4 

Soil  (7) 0  .      13        52        32 

Subsoil  (5) 0         7        51        38 

Acres. 

Imperial,  Cal 341, 056 

Yuma,  Ariz 20,800 

Imperial  clay. — Soil  is  a  heavy-clay  loam  or  clay,  having  a  depth 
of  6  feet  or  more.  Surface  usually  level,  though  in  places  small 
dunes  are  seen.  Derived  from  deposition  of  finest  sediment  of  the 
Colorado  River.  When  dry  and  in  its  natural  state  it  exists  in 
hard  cakes  and  lumj)s.  After  irrigation  the  soil  dries  very  hard 
and  cracks  intersect  the  surface  in  all  directions.  Difficult  to  till. 
Little  under  culti'^^ation.     Sorghum  and  millet  produce  good  crops. 


3 

4 

36 

49 

35 

52 

Salem  Stries.  151 

1      •-' 

Soil  (13) 1        11 

Subsoil  (10) 1        11 

Acres. 
Imperial,  Cal 33, 792 

SALEM    SERIES. 

Soils  of  this  series  are  derived  from  interbedded  layers  of  sand- 
stone, argillaceous  and  schistose  rocks  and  a  dense,  close-grained 
basalt,  all  highly  ferruginous. 

Salem  gravelly  loam. — Brown  or  black  loam  containing  a  large 
amount  of  gravel  from  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter.  This  grades  im- 
perceptibly into  a  soil  of  the  same  material  but  containing  more 
gravel.  A  bottom  soil  generally  well  drained.  Derived  as  a 
stream  wash  from  the  same  material  as  the  Salem  clay.  Where 
not  too  gravelly  the  soil  is  fairly  well  adapted  to  grain  and  fruit. 

Acres. 
Salem,  Greg 18, 120 

Salem  sandy  loam. — Brov»'n  sandy  loam  of  medium  texture,  12 
inches  deep,  underlain  by  a  coarse  sandy  loam  grading  into  sand. 
The  surface  soil  usuallv  contains  considerable  organic  matter.  A 
bottom  soil,  subject  to  frequent  overflow.  Well  drained  when  the 
river  is  at  normal  stage.  Forms  an  excellent  truck  soil.  Gives 
large  yields  of  hops,  but  they  are  subject  to  disease. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (1) 5        67        16        13 

Subsoil  (1) 2        72        15        11 

Acres. 
Salem,  Oreg 3, 648 

Salem  loam. — Brown  to  black  loam  18  to  24  inches  deep,  con- 
taining considerable  organic  matter,  and  being  usually  quite  silty. 
The  subsoil  is  yellowish  or  red-clay  loam  or  clay,  becoming  heavier 
with  depth,  and  often  becoming  mottled  with  gray  and  yellow. 
Gently  rolling  or  level  valley  land  derived  from  transported  sand- 
stone material,  with  some  basalt.  Drainage  generally  good.  Soil 
is  well  adapted  to  general  crops  as  well  as  to  hops  and  small  fruits. 
Wheat  produces  from  25  to  30  bushels,  oats  from  35  to  60  bushels, 
and  hops  about  15,000  pounds  per  acre. 


152  Soils  of  the  Far  West. 

1         •_>         3         4 

Soil  (2) S        U)        62        25 

Subsoil  (2) 2  y        66        24 

Acres. 
Salem,  Oreg 78, 656 

Salem  clay. — Heavy  red  loam  or  clay,  12  to  15  inches  deep,  rest- 
ing on  a  red  clay.  Derived  from  red  sandstone,  argillaceous  anti 
schistose  rocks,  and  a  dense,  close-grained  ferrous  basalt,  all  highly 
ferruginous.  Occurs  on  rolling  hills,  generally  well  drained.  Fer- 
tile soil,  adapted  to  wheat,  oats,  hops,  apples,  prunes,  and  peaches. 
Hops  are  less  subject  to  mold  and  insect  pests  than  those  grown 
on  the  bottom  soils.  The  grain  is  of  fine  quality.  Wheat  yields 
from  25  to  30  bushels  and  oats  from  30  to  60  bushels  per  acre. 
Hops  yield  about  1,200  pounds  per  acre. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (1) 11        IS        26        45 

Subsoil  (1) 10        17        24        49 

Acres. 
Salem,  Oreg 86, 400 

SAN    LUIS    SERIES   AND    ASSOCIATED    SOILS. 

The  soils  are  derived  from  lacustrine  deposits  of  volcanic  rock 
materials. 

San  Luis  sand. — A  very  coarse,  incoherent,  loose,  reddish-brown 
sand  containing  a  large  proportion  of  fine  gravel,  underlain  at  a 
depth  of  from  2  to  4  feet  by  a  coarser  material  which  can  not  be 
penetrated  with  the  auger.  The  soil  is  composed  of  minute  frag- 
ments of  volcanic  rock,  and  is  light  and  easily  shifted  by  the  wind. 
In  origin  it  is  without  doubt  a  lacustrine  deposit  and  the  generally 
level  surface  is  crossed  by  minor  ridges  thought  to  be  the  result  of 
varying  deposition  taking  place  in  currents  of  different  velocities. 
There  are  also  some  dunes  from  1  to  6  feet  high.  These  irregu- 
larities are  a  great  hindrance  to  cultivation  and  irrigation.  The 
drainage  is  excessive  and  constant  irrigation  is  necessary.  This 
has  swamped  some  areas,  and  brought  about  the  rise  of  alkali 
over  large  tracts  of  the  type.  Much  of  the  originally  productive 
land  has  been  abandoned  for  this  reason.  Fair  crops  of  the  small 
grains  are  grown.  The  yield  per  acre  of  wheat  is  15  to  30  bushels, 
of  oats  from  20  to  40.     Pease  are  gro^\Ti  for  pasture  and  for  hay. 


^ 


San  Luis  Series  and  Associated  Soils.  153 

1         i         3        4 

Soil  (4) 51    .    32        10        8 

Acres. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo 136, 960 

San  Luis  sandy  loam. — A  coarse,  gravelly,  reddish-brown  loam 
from  18  inches  to  3  feet  deep,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  almost  pure 
gravel  and  sand,  which  extends  to  indeterminate  depths.  Near 
the  mountains  the  surface  soil  is  shallower,  more  sticky,  and  the 
gravel  larger  and  more  waterworn.  Heavier  phases  of  the  soil 
are  known  locally  as  "adobfe."  Occupies  imperceptibly  sloping 
plains,  the  surface  of  which  is  broken  by  many  knolls  and  ridges 
from  8  inches  to  not  more  than  2  feet  in  height.  Soil  is  a  lacus- 
trine deposit.  Near  the  mountains  the  soil  is  well  drained  and 
free  from  alkali.  Lower  areas  are  alkaline.  Nearly  all  the  culti- 
vated areas  are  sown  to  cereals  and  pease.  Well  adapted  to  these 
crops,  and  also  to  potatoes  and  truck  crops. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (3) 35        31        20        13 

Subsoil  (1) 8        34        52         6 

Acres. 
San  Luis  Valley.  Colo 196, 992 

San  Luis  loam. — A  plastic  and  sticky,  reddish-brown  loam,  con- 
taining some  gravel,  24  to  36  inches  deep,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of 
sand  or  sandy  loam,  beneath  which  occurs  sand  and  gravel.  The 
surface  is  level  and  uniform  and  well  adapted  to  irrigation.  La- 
custrine deposit  formed  by  further  breaking  down  of  materials  of 
Pan  Luis  sandy  loam.  Contains  more  or  less  alkali,  and  is  not  at 
present  cultivated.  AVhen  irrigated,  produces  a  good  crop  of  wild 
hay.     Would  be  well  adapted  to  the  grain  crops. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (1) 15        39        12        34 

Acres. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo 9, 088 

Rio  Grande  sandy  loam. — Dark-brown  to  black,  friable,  easily 
cultivated  sandy  loam,  with  an  average  depth  of  about  2  feet, 
resting  on  a  l)e(l  of  gravelly  sand.  Occurs  as  narrow  strips  along 
river.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The  drainage  usually  poor. 
Potatoes  succeed  very  well,  and  the  production  of  these  and  nati\  e 
pasturage  are  about  the  only  uses  made  of  the  soil. 


154:  Soils  of  the  Far  ^Ye8t. 

1         2  3         i 

Soil  (2) .". 10        36        34        22 

Acres. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo 3o,  776 

Rio  Grande  loam. — A  sticky,  plastic,  black  loam,  containing  con- 
siderable gravel,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  sand  and  gravel  \vliicli 
extends  to  undetermined  depths.  Soil  contains  considerable 
organic  matter.  Found  along  small  streams  near  the  mountains 
and  in  depressions.  Formed  partially  from  materials  brought  by 
the  streams  from  the  mountains,  and  partially  by  the  further 
disintegration  of  the  materials  forming  the  San  Luis  sandy  loam, 
namely,  lacustrine  deposits  of  volcanic  origin.  The  soil  is  very 
difhcult  to  cultivate.  When  wet,  it  is  a  sticky  mass  of  mud,  and 
when  dry,  it  bakes  similarly  to  the  adobes  of  the  Pacific  coast. 
It  is  not  esteemed  a  very  desirable  soil  for  grain  or  alfalfa.  At 
present  is  used  mainly  for  pasturage.  The  drainage  is  rather 
poor  and  would  be  difficult  to  improve. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (4) 10        23        36        31 

Acres. 
San  Luis  Valley,  Colo 23, 104 

MISCELLANEOUS   SOILS   OF   THE    FAR    WEST. 

Salt  River  gravel. — Coarse  gravel  of  undetermined  depth.     Bluff 

along  Salt  River,  Arizona.     Of  no  present  agricultural  value. 

Acres. 
Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 1, 804 

Arroyo  Seco  sandy  loam. — Dark-brown  or  yellowish  coarse  sandy 
loam,  containing  a  large  percentage  of  coarse,  well-rounded  gravel 
and  small  bowlders  of  granitic  origin.  Sometimes  becoming  com- 
pact and  very  hard  at  surface.  Found  upon  gently  sloping  fans. 
Derived  from  stream  wash  from  mountains.  Somewhat  deficient 
in  organic  matter.  Adapted  to  grains  if  well  irrigated,  but  irriga- 
tion is  very  difficult,  on  account  of  loss  by  seepage  through  coarse 
subsoil.     Yield  fair  in  favorable  seasons.     Free  from  alkali. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (2) 2it        36        23         12 

Acres. 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal y,  670 

San  Jose,  Cal 7, 616 


Miscellaneous  Soils.  155 

Laramie  gravelly  loam. — Coarse  sandy  loam  containing  a  large 
amount  of  gravel,  6  feet  or  more  in  depth.  At  from  6  to  10  feet 
underlain  by  yellow  shale.     Has  no  agricultural  value. 

Acres. 
Laramie,  Wyo 19. 200 

Laramie  sandy  loam. — Coarse  sandy  loam  from  2  to  6  feet  deep, 
underlain  by  sand  and  gravel.  Some  gravel  found  scattered 
through  the  surface  soil,  generally  quartz,  sandstone,  and  lime- 
stone rock.  Upland  soil  of  colluvial  origin.  Well  adapted  to 
general  farm  crops.  Wheat  yields  from  20  to  30  bushels,  oats 
from  30  to  50  bushels,  potatoes  from  100  to  175  bushels,  and  alfalfa 
about  4  tons  per  acre. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (2) 27        37        12        26 

Subsoil  (3) 25        33        16        27 

Acres. 
Laramie,  Wyo 82, 272 

9 

Los  Angeles  sandy  loam.— Brown  sandy  loam  2  to  3  feet  deep, 
grading  into  disintegrated  sandstone  and  shale.  Eough,  hilly 
country.  Some  grain  is  grown  under  dry  farming,  but  soil  is  not 
well  adapted  to  crops. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 10        35        37        18 

Subsoil  (2) 13        37        37        14 

Acres. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal 9,024 

Fancher  sandy  loam. — Dark-red  micaceous  sandy  loam  6  feet  or 

more  in  depth,   derived  from  stream  wash  from  foothills,  well 

drained  and  free  from  alkali,  containing  relatively  high  percentage 

of  organic  matter.     Occupies  foothill  stream  bottoms  and  sinks. 

Generally  adapted  to  fruit  and  vineyards. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (8) 19        42        23        11 

Subsoil  (3) 27        45        19  6 

Acres. 

Fresno',  Cal 12, 832 

Hanford,  Cal 19, 860 

San  Joaquin  sandy  loam. — Reddish  light  sandy  loam  3  feet  in 
depth,  frequently  hard  and  compact,  underlain  by  red  sandstone 
hardpan.     Along  foothill  streams  hardpan  is  absent,  the  sandy 


156  Soilsof  the  Far  West. 

loam  extending  to  a  depth  of  6  feet  or  more.  Generally  occupies 
sloping  valley  plains.  Soil  is  derived  from  disintegration  of  red 
sandstone  rock.  Well  drained,  free  from  alkali,  and  frequently 
covered  with  hog-wallow  mounds.  Adapted  to  grain  crops,  and, 
where  hardpan  is  more  than  3  feet  from  the  surface,  to  fruits  and 
vineyards. 

1        2       :i      4 

Soil  (9) 27        44        18        9 

Acres. 
Fresno,  Cal 74, 547 

Placentia  sandy  loam. — Sandy  loam  3  feet  in  depth,  underlain  by 
sandy  adobe.  Surface  material  is  compact  and  grades  into  the 
sandy  adobe.  High  mesa  land,  valley  lands,  and  high  plains  and 
rolling  hills;  remnant  of  old  flood  plain  subsequently  modified  l)y 
wind  action.  Well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  At  present 
adapted  to  citrus  and  other  fruit  when  w^ater  supply  is  available; 
dry  farmed,  to  wheat,  barley,  and  black-eyed  beans. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (10) 14        38        34        13 

Subsoil  (7) 12        40        33        14 


Acres. 

Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 74, 000 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 06, 048 

San  Gabriel,  Cal 48, 820 


Acres. 

Sati  Jose,  Cal 61,-568 

Santa  Ana,  Cal 16, 8.57 

Ventura,  Cal 23. 880 


Santiago  sandy  loam. — Sandy  loam  3  feet  deep,  underlain  by 
sand  to  bh  feet,  which  is  in  turn  underlain  by  sand  and  gravel. 
Over  a  considerable  area  the  gravel  comes  to  the  surface  and  in- 
creases in  size  and  amount  in  the  lower  depths.  Lower  delta 
plains  of  the  foothill  streams  in  Orange  County,  Cal.  Dry-farmed 
to  wheat  and  barley,  and  under  irrigation  at  present  adapted  to 
fruits  of  that  locality. 

12         3        4 
Subsoil  (1) 12        51        27        7 

Acres. 
Santa  Ana,  Cal 17.100 

Elsinore  sandy  loam. — Liglit-colored  sandy  l(»am  4  feet  in  depth, 
underlain  l)y  (•()ar>e  sand,  grading  into  gravel.  Low,  level  ]i)t>r- 
tions  of  Sevier  Valley,  Utah.     Derived  from  river-transjiorted  ma- 


Miscellcmeous  Soils.  157 


terial;  poorly  drained  and  contains  considerable  alkali  near  the 
surface.     At  present  adapted  only  to  salt-grass  meadows. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (7) 8        39        36        10 

Subsoil  (12) 18        47        24  6 

Acres. 

Boise,  Idaho «33, 100 

Sevier  Valley,  Utah 7, 800 

Boise  sandy  loam. — Light-gray,  flaky,  ashy-textured  sandy  loam, 
micaceous,  loose,  and  powdery.  From  a  few  inches  to  40  or  50  feet 
in  depth.  Surface,  6  feet,  often  interstratitied  with  loam  soil  and 
sand  or  sandy  loam  litre  hard  pan,  but  in  places  sandy  loam  ex- 
tends to  bed  rock.  Soil  rests  on  coarse  gravel  and  cobbles.  Some 
alkali  in  local  spots  in  loam  subsoil.  Usually  found  on  mesas. 
Lake  sediment,  probably  derived  from  basalt.  Well  drained. 
Adapted  to  truck,  grain,  and  clover.  Where  the  hardpan  is  not 
very  thick,  fruit  and  alfalfa  do  well. 

1-234 

Soil  (2) 2        19        67  8 

Subsoil  (7) 23        21        40        12 

Acres. 
Boise,  Idaho 95, 850 

Deer  Flat  sandy  loam. — Fine  red,  micaceous,  sandy  loam,  a  few 
inches  to  3  feet  in  depth.  Subsoil,  sandy  loam  and  sand  to  per- 
haps 50  or  100  feet.  Occurs  in  higher  lying  valley  areas,  and  has 
a  generally  level  surface.  Free  from  alkali  in  areas  mapped. 
Only  small  portion  cultivated,  owing  to  lack  of  water  for  irriga- 
tion.    Good  for  truck,  grain,  clover,  and  fruit. 

12  3        4 

Soil  (2) • 6        57        26        8 

Subsoil  (3) 7        58        23        8 

Acres. 
Boise,  Idaho 45, 380 

Gila  fine  sandy  loam. — Fine  sandy  loam  or  very  fine  sand  6  feet 
or  more  in  depth,  derived  from  river  deposits  subsequently  modi- 
fied by  wind  action.  Occupies  low  bluffs  and  plains.  Adapted  to 
alfalfa  and  grain  crops. 

"Mapped  as  Caldwell  sandy  loam,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


158  Soiltt  of  tJte  Far  West. 

1  i  3  4 

Soil  (8)  .- 1  44  42  11 

Subsoil  (1) 5  50  33  11 


Acres. 

Imperial,  Cal 30, 784 

Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 18, 578 


Acres. 

Solomonsville,  Ariz ^.     9, 600 

Yuma,  Ariz 17, 038 


3 

4 

43 

16 

42 

21 

Santiago  loam. — Red  loam,  3  feet  deep;  sandy  loam  to  4  feet,  under- 
lain by  gravelly  sandy  loam.  Harsh,  compact  soil  washed  from 
foothills  by  the  streams;  occurring  along  margin  of  coastal  plain 
near  foothills  in  southern  California.  Considered  unproductive 
soil,  and  at  present  little  used  for  agricultural  purposes. 

1         2 

Soil  (1) 4        34 

Subsoil  (1) 4        30 

Acres. 
Santa  Ana,  Cal 1, 830 

Glenwood  loam. — Loam  4  feet  deep,  underlain  by  clay.  Level 
valley  floor.  Soil  contains  considerable  alkali,  and  drainage  is 
often  poor,  but  when  drained  and  free  from  alkali  it  is  excellent 
for  general  farming  purposes. 

1  2 

Soil  (2) 3        17 

Subsoil  (3) 5        20 

Acres. 
Sevier  Valley,  Utah 12, 100 

Boise  loam. — Red  or  yellow  loam  from  6  inches  to  several  feet  in 
depth,  underlain  with  alternating  strata  of  sandy  loam  and  s:md, 
the  latter  often  being  cemented  by  calcium  carbonate  into  a  hard- 
pan.  Soil  particles  in  the  upper  stratum  of  virgin  soil  also  usually 
cemented  together,  but  not  into  a  compact  mass.  Surface  is  usually 
covered  with  a  coating  of  sandy  loam,  varying  in  depth  and  hav- 
ing the  texture  of  the  Boise  sandy  loam.  Occurs  on  mesa  plains 
and  is  derived  from  lake  sediments.  Often  alkaline.  When  sul)- 
soil  is  broken  up,  is  good  for  fruit,  grain,  and  alfalfa. 

1  2 

Soil  (1) 5        31 

Subsoil  (3) 11        32 

Acres. 
Boise,  Idaho 61, 960 


3 

4 

46 

28 

44 

25 

3 

4 

44 

17 

34 

19 

Miscellaneous  Soils.  159 

Walla  "Walla  loam. — This  type  consists  of  a  very  sticky  brown  or 
black  sandy  luam,  or  loam,  with  a  depth  of  3  feet,  underlain  by  a 
sandy  loam  similar  to  the  subsoil  of  the  Yakima  sandy  loam.  In 
places  this  subsoil  from  3  feet  to  6  feet  may  be  a  sticky,  yellow 
plastic  sandy  loam,  but  in  most  cases  below  3  feet  the  soil  is  an 
ordinary  sandy  loam.  Occupies  the  very  high,  steep  hills  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  district  mapped.  Is  especially  adapted  to 
wheat  and  barley,  giving  very  large  yields  of  both. 


Soil  (3) 

Subsoil  (3). 


Acres. 
Walla  Walla,  Wash 23,  360 


1 

o 

3 

4 

1 

15 

69 

14 

•  > 

20 

66 

10 

2 

3 

4 

27 

42 

29 

41 

39 

12 

Glendale  loess. — Silt  6  feet  or  more  in  depth,  typical  loess  tex- 
ture. Level  plain,  forming  low  divide  between  Salt  River  and 
Agua  Fria  River,  Arizona.  Formed  by  wash  from  Cave  Creek. 
Generally  well  drained  and  free  from  alkali.  Adapted  to  grain 
and  alfalfa;  lighter  phases  to  fruit  growing. 

1 

Soil  (7) 3 

Subsoil  (2) 3 

Acres. 
Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 52, 040 

Santiago  silt  loam. — The  soil  is  a  dense,  heavy,  silt  loam  resem- 
bling adobe,  2  feet  in  depth,  very  sticky  when  Avet,  underlain  by 
sand,  tine  sand,  or  fine  sandy  loam.  Lower  delta  plains  and  river 
terraces.  Derivation  from  modern  alluvium,  often  being  deposited 
at  present  during  flood  season.  When  well  drained  and  free  from 
alkali  this  soil  is  adapted  to  fruit,  celery,  and  sugar  beets.  It  is 
dry-farmed  to  wheat  to  some  extent,  and  as  occurring  in  the 
Salinas  Valley  is  considered  a  most  valuable  soil. 

Soil  (12) 

Subsoil  (3) 


1 

2 

3 

4 

4 

21 

52 

21 

2 

25 

56 

14 

Acres. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal •. . . .  39, 360 

Lower  Arkansas  Valley,  Colo..  37,760 


Acres. 

San  Gabriel,  Cal 5, 220 

Santa  Ana,  Cal 14, 349 


Lower  Salinas  Valley,  Cal 14, 120  i  Yuma,  Ariz 3. 76:. 


160  Soils  of  the  Far  West. 

Salt  River  adobe. — Clay  loam  with  adobe  properties,  2  feet  deep, 
underlain  by  sandy  loam  or  loam.  Low-lying  land,  containing 
alkali,  and  rather  poorly  drained.  Sediment  of  prehistoric  irri- 
gation with  muddy  water.  Generally  adapted  to  alfalfa  and  small 
grain. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (5) 4        30        31        28 

Subsoil  (3) 2        4-1        25        24 

Acres. 
Salt  River  Valley,  Ariz 13, 665 

Sierra  adobe. — Sandy  adobe  containing  small  amounts  of  gravel 
to  a  depth  of  2  or  3  feet,  generally  underlain  by  red  sandstone, 
hardpan,  or  granite  rock.  Low  foothills.  Residual  soil  derived 
from  decomposition  of  underlying  granite,  used  to  some  extent 
for  dry-farming  wheat  and  barley. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 11        42        33        14 

Subsoil  (1)  12        27        33        28 

Acres. 

Fresno,  Cal 13, 376 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 6, 976 

GYPSUM    SOILS. 

Gypsum. — Light-brown  or  reddish-brown  sandy  loam  or  loam 
soil,  underlain  by  soft  saccharoidal  gypsum  at  a  depth  of  from  a 
few  inches  to  6  feet.  Gypsum  is  often  present  at  the  surface. 
Level  bench  land.  Derived  from  disintegration  of  gypsum  depos- 
its and  possesses  remarkable  power  of  transmitting  seepage  waters 
by  capillary  and  gravitational  flow.  With  high  salt  content  of 
irrigation  water  it  is  not  desirable  land  for  agricultural  purposes. 
Often  contains  large  quantities  of  alkali. 

12         3         4 

Soil  (2) 3        50        24        18 

Subsoil  (5) 3        33        19        38 

Acres. 

Pecos  Valley,  N.  Mex <'  11, 630 

Laramie,  Wyo 2, 304 

a  Mapped  as  Pecos  gypsum,  which  name  will  not  be  used  hereafter. 


Porto  Hican  Soils.  161 

PORTO  Rl(  AN  SOILS. 

Biverwash. — Coarse   sand,  gravel,   and   bowlders,   generally   in 

long,   narrow  areas,   but  occasionally  spread   out  in   fan-shaped 

areas,    subject  to   overflow  in   times  of  flood.     Of  little   or  no 

agricultural  value. 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 970 

Portugues  stony  loam. — Dark  loam  14  inches  in  depth,  derived 
from  igneous  and  volcanic  rocks.  Contains  5  to  70  per  cent  of 
angular  stones,  and  is  underlain  by  cracked  and  broken  vok-anic 
and  igneous  rock  partly  decomposed.  Occupies  steep  slopes  of 
hills  and  mountains,  covering  a  large  area  between  Ponce  and 
Adjuntas.  Used  for  pasture  during  the  rainy  season.  Some 
coffee,  bananas,  and  plantains  are  produced  on  favored  areas. 

1  J         3  4 

Soil  (2) 37         20        24        19 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce.  P.  R 15, 600 

Tanama  stony  loam. — Soil  is  a  red  clay  loam,  6  to  10  inches 
deep,  derived  from  limestone.  Occupies  large  area  of  broken  and 
rugged  country  between  Arecibo  and  Utuado,  characterized  by 
local,  swampy  sink  holes.  Subsoil  is  a  stiff  red  clay  containing 
limestone  fragments.  Bananas  and  plantains  are  the  principal 
crops,  and  some  coffee,  oranges,  and  a  little  tobacco  are  produced, 

1  ■-'         3  4 

Soil  (3) 6        17        31        44 

Subsoil  (2) 12        32        Ifi        40 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 41, 680 

Arecibo  sand. — A  loose,  incoherent  red  to  white  coral  and  quartz 
sand,  12  to  36  inches  or  more  deep.  Occupies  slightly  rolling 
land.  Soil  is  probably  derived  from  wind-blown  beach  sand. 
Naturally  poor  soil.  Similar  to  the  Florida  pineapple  land. 
Produces  some  pasturage  and  a  few  cocoanuts. 

1  -2         3        4 

Soil  (2) • 54        42        4        2 

Subsoil  (1)  35        57        4        4 

.T.cres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 7, 580 

31896—04 11 


162  Porto  Rican  Soils. 

Coral  sand. — Drifted,  incoherent  beach  sand,  24  to  36  inclies 
deep,  formed  from  coral  and  shells  by  wind  and  wave  action, 
underlain  by  a  slightly  loamy  sand.  Occupies  low-lying  lands  on 
coast,  occasionally  forming  slight  hills  15  to  20  feet  above  sea 
level.     Adapted  to  cocoanut  trees. 

12         3       4 

Soil  (3) 62        30        4        4 

Subsoil  (1) 46        35        7      10 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 2, 620 

Arecibo  sandy  loam. — Heavy  red  sandy  loam,  with  an  average 
depth  of  10  inches,  underlain  to  a  depth  of  36  inches  by  a  rather 
tenacious  clay  loam.  Found  in  valleys  between  outlying  limestone 
hills.  Elevation  between  30  and  100  feet.  Naturally  well  drained. 
Used  for  truck  and  fruit.  Small  area  devoted  to  tobacco  and  sugar 
cane. 

1  2        3        4 

Soil  (1) 23        57        6        14 

Subsoil  (1 ) -. 17        48        9        25 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 2, 690 

Ponce  sandy  loam. — Brown  sandy  loam  14  to  36  inches  or  more  in 
depth.  An  alluvial  soil  occupying  river  deltas  in  the  vicinity  of 
Ponce.  The  subsoil  is  a  sandy  loam  heavier  and  darker  than  soil. 
Sugar  cane  is  the  principal  crop.  Cocoanuts  and  Guinea-grass 
also  grown.  There  is  a  stony  phase  containing  rounded  stone 
fragments,  sometimes  as  large  as  2  or  3  feet  in  diameter.  This 
phase  is  used  only  for  pasture  and  at  present  has  little  value. 

1  i  3         4 

Soil  (6) 10        43        35        12 

Subsoil  (2) 2        22        57        20 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 6, 550 

TTtuado  sandy  loam. — Coarse,  yellow  sandy  loam,  7  inches  deep, 
representing  soil  of  deforested  area  on.  steep  slopes  of  the  lower 
mountains  around  Utuado.  Residual  soil  derived  from  igneous 
rocks.  Subsoil  is  a  shallow,  yellow  sandy  loam,  grading  intodecom- 
posed  granite  and  other  igneous  rocks.  Little  natural  fertility,  and 
but  little  used,  as  a  great  part  of  the  areas  are  too  steep  for  culti- 


Porto  Rican  Soils.  163 

vation.    Should  be  reforested.    Produces  a  few  bananas,  some  plan- 
tains, and  coffee. 

1  2  3         4 

Soil  (1) 49        24        19        8 

Subsoil  (1) 47       27        17        8 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 25. 100 

Vivi  sandy  loam. — Yellowish-brown  sandy  loam,  10  inches  deep, 
forming  tracts  of  alluvial  deposits  along  the  larger  streams  in  the 
mountains  near  Adjuntas.  Subsoil  is  a  yellow-brown  sandy  loam. 
Soil  is  mellow  and  rich  and  easv  to  cultivate.  Considered  the  best 
tobacco  soil  in  the  area.  Also  adapted  to  sweet  potatoes,  beans, 
and  other  minor  crops.  Used  to  a  small  extent  in  the  production 
of  sugar. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (2)  27        50        15  9 

Subsoil  (2) 13        44        25        19 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 1,060 

Arecibo  loam. — A  dark  waxy  loam,  6  to  12  inches  deep,  resting 
on  a  yellow  sticky  loam  containing  fragments  of  limestone.  The 
soil  is  shallow  as  a  rule,  but  fairly  productive.  Principally  used 
for  pasture  near  the  coast.  Inland  areas  devoted  to  bananas, 
plantains,  and  to  some  extent  to  coffee.  A  few  orange  trees  were 
noticed,  and  appeared  to  be  thrifty.  Hardly  10  per  cent  of  the 
area  is  in  crops. 

12  3         4 

Soil  (2) 25        31        26        19 

SubS0il(2) 22        26        26        26 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 17,700 

Pastillo  loam. — White,  reddish,  or  brown  loam,  about  4  inches 
in  depth,  resting  on  porous  limestone,  fragments  of  which  occur 
in  soil.  Affords  scanty  pasturage.  Produces  small  amount  of 
Guinea-grass  on  areas  of  deeper  and  more  fertile  soil.  Occurs 
west  of  Ponce,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Porto  Rican  area. 
Among  the  poorest  soils  of  the  area. 

12         3  4 

Soil  (2) 12         17         46        26 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 16, 040 


164  Porto  Rican  Soils. 

Ponce  loam. — Is  composed  of  a  dark-brown  alluvial  loam,  3  feet  or 
more  in  depth.  Originally  swampy  in  part.  When  drained,  well 
adapted  to  sugar  cane  and  Guinea-grass,  also  to  bananas  and  plan- 
tains.    Best  sugar  land  of  the  area.     All  under  cultivation. 

1-234 
Soil  (1) : -l        20        57        20 

Acres. 
•Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  K 2,480 

Utuado  loam. — Dark-brown  or  yellowish  loam,  7  inches  deep, 
friable  and  free  from  stones,  underlain  bv  vellow  loam  becoming 
lighter  in  texture  at  lower  depths.  Derived  from  igneous  and  vol- 
canic rocks.  Occupies  hilly  country  in  vicinity  of  Utuado.  Some 
areas  adapted  to  coffee  and  fruit,  but  the  greater  part  used  for 
pasture. 

1         •_'         :J       4 

Soil  (1) 11        28        28        34 

Subsoil  (1) 10        30        30        30 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  K 7, 880 

Arecibo  silt  loam. — Dark-brown  silt  loam,  12  to  36  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  dark  loam  or  silt  loam.  Alluvial  deposit  occupying 
low  level  areas  along  or  near  the  coast.  In  the  vicinity  of  Arecibo 
excellent  cane  land,  producing  from  30  to  40  tons  per  acre. 
Around  Ponce,  low  lying  and  too  alkaline  for  crops,  on  account  of 
occasional  inundation  by  sea  water. 

1         i         :5         4 

Soil  (4) 3        18        55        24 

Subsoil  (3) 3        14        52        31 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  1 '.  R 8, 960 

Adjuntas  clay. — A  red  or  dark-brown  clay,  3  to  15  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  red  clay  36  inches  or  more  in  depth.  Derived  from 
volcanic  and  igneous  rocks.  Occupies  steep  slopes.  Dithcult  or 
impossible  to  till,  requiring  great  care  to  ])revent  washing.  The 
principal  and  most  important  coffee  soil  of  the  Arecibo  to  Ponce 
area.  Also  adapted  to  the  growth  of  l)ananas,  jdantains,  and 
oranges,  where  there  is  a  suflicient  depth  of  soil. 


Porto  Rican  Soils.  165 

1  1'  3         4 

Soil  (3) 3        10        36        52 

Subsoil  (2) 3        11        43        43 

Acres. 
A recibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 29, 890 

Alonso  clay. — Dark  purplish-red  clay  loam,  8  to  28  inches  deep, 
underlain  by  dark  to  purplish-red  tenacious  clay  36  inches  or  more 
in  depth.  Derived  from  igneous  and  volcanic  rocks.  Heavy, 
stiff,  and  hard  to  cultivate.  Rough,  mountainous  topography. 
The  small  area  southwest  of  Adjuntas  is  well  adapted  to  oranges 
and  coffee.  The  other  areas  are  lower  and  produce  chiefly  bananas 
and  plantains,  with  some  coffee. 

1  •-'         3  4 

Soil  (n) 10        22        35        37 

Subsoil  (2) 4        15        37        44      • 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 13, 690 

Penuelas  adobe. — Brown  loam,  with  marked  adobe  properties,  18 

to  15  inches  deep,  underlain  by  cracked  and  broken  volcanic  tufa. 

Derived    from   disintegrated   volcanic   tufa.     Occupies   hills  and 

gentle  slopes  around  Penuelas.    Too  dry  except  for  pasture.    Some 

bananas  grown  on  moist  spots. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (2) 14        IS  28  41 

Subsoil  (1) 59        23  9  9 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  Ponce,  P.  R 6, 680 

Portugnes  adobe. — Heavy,  dark-brown  or  black  loam  resembiing 
adobe,  6  to  17  inches  deep,  formed  from  decomposed  limestone. 
Occupies  parting  valleys  and  gentle  slopes  around  limestone  hill? 
in  southern  part  of  area.  Soil  is  underlain  ])y  heavy  light-brown 
loam,  becoming  lighter  in  color  with  increasing  depth.  Devoted 
chiefly  to  pasture,  but  produces  sugar  cane  and  bananas  where 
irrigation  is  practicable.  A  large  part  of  the  area  lies  too  high  for 
irrigation. 

12  3  4 

Soil  (2) : 6        20        32        33 

Subsoil  (2) 5        14        24        38 

Acres. 
Arecibo  to  I'once,  P.  R 4,010 


s 


INDEX 


Page. 
Acadia  silt  loam 76 

Afton  fine  sandy  loam,     {^ee  Mlaniijine  sand,  p.  106.) 
Alamance  silt  loam.      (See  Cecil  silt  loam,  p.  85.) 
Allegan  black  clay.     (See  Miami  black  chiy  loam,  p.  113.) 
Allegan  clay.     (See  Miami  clay  loam,  p.  109.) 
Allegan  fine  sandy  loam.    (See  Miami  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  107. ) 
Allegan  gravelly   loam.      (See    Miami    gravel    and    Miami 

gravelly  loam,  p.  105.) 
Allegan  sand.     (See  Miami  sand,  p.  106.) 
Allegan  sandy  loam.     (See  Miami  sandy  loam,  p.  107.) 
Allegan  stony  loam.     (See  Miami  stony  loam,  p.  105.) 

Alloway  clay 63 

Almyra  silt  loam 77 

Alton  stony  loam 118 

Arkansas  fine  sandy  loam 80 

Arkansas  loam 81 

Arroyo  Seco  sandy  loam 154 

Ayden  fine  sandy  loam.     (See  Xorf oik  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  55. ) 
Beaufort  sand.      (See  Portsmouth  sand,  p.  66.) 

Benton  loam 132 

Bernardston  loam 124 

Billings  clay 145 

Billings  gravelly  loam 144 

Billings  loam 145 

Billings  sandy  loam 145 

Bingham  gravelly  loam.    ( See  Maricopa  gravelly  loam,  p.  133. ) 
Bingham  stony  loam.     (See  Maricopa  stony  loam,  p.  133.) 

Boise  loam • 158 

Boise  sandy  loam 157 

Calcasieu  fine  sand 75 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam : 75 

167 


168  Lidex. 

Page. 

Calcasieu  loam 76 

Caldwell  loam,      {^ee  Yakima  loam,  p.  141.) 

Caldwell  sandy  loam.     (See  Elsinore  sandtf  Joam,  p.  156.) 

Cardiff  slate  loam 89 

Cassadaga  sand ]  20 

Cecil  clay 85 

Cecil  loam - 84 

Cecil  mica  loam 85 

Cecil  sand 88 

Cecil  sandy  loam 84 

Cecil  silt  loam 85 

Cecil  stony  loam 83 

Chattooga  loam 95 

Chicopee  gravel  loam.      (See  Norfolk  gravelly  loam,  p.  53.) 

Clarksville  clay 103 

Clarksville  clay  loam 1 03 

Clarksville  loam 102 

Clarksville  silt  loam 103 

Clarksville  stony  L  )am 1 02 

Clyde  sand 1 U) 

Collington  sandy  1(  )am 59 

Conestoga  clay 101 

Conestoga  loam 100 

Connecticut  meadows.     {See  Meadow,  j).  47.) 

Connecticut  swamp.     [See  Sirainp,  p.  48.) 

Conowingo  barrens 89 

Conowingo  clay 89 

Crowley  silt  loam 77 

Cundjerland  loam 99 

Dauphin  sandy  loam 99 

Davidson  loam 1 00 

Davie  clay  loam 90 

De  Kalb  clay  loam 95 

De  Kail)  line  sandy  loam 94 

De  Kalb  sandy  loam 94 

De  Kail)  stony  loam  , 93 

Deer  Flat  sandv  loam 157 


Index.  169 

Page. 

Delavan  silt  loam 125 

Derby  loam 122 

Donegal  gravelly  loam.     (See  Xorfolk  gravelly  loam,  p.  53.) 

Dunesand 45 

Dunkirk  clay 118 

Dunkirk  gravel 116 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam 117 

Dunkirk  sandy  loam 117 

Dunkirk  shale  loam 117 

Durham  sandy  loam.     (See  Cecil  sand,  p.  83.) 
Edgemont  stony  loam.      (See  De  Kalh  stony  loam,  p.  93.) 
Edgerton  silt  loam.     (See  Miami  silt  loam,  p.  108.) 

Elkhorn  silt  loam 125 

Elkton  clay 64 

Elmira  fine  sandy  loam,    {^ee  Miami  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  107. ) 

Elmira  shale  loam 127 

Elmira  silt  loam.     (See  Miami  silt  loam,  p.  108.) 

Elmwood  loam 60 

Elsinboro  fine  sand.     (See  Xorfolk  fi)ie  sand,  p.  55.) 
Elsinore  sand.     (See  Riverwash,  p.  46.) 

Elsinore  sandy  loam 156 

Enfield  sandy  loam.     (See  Xorfolk  sandy  loam,  p.  55.) 
Fairview  sandy  loam.     (See  Marshall  sandy  loam,  p.  111.) 

Fancher  sandy  loam 155 

Fargo  clay 129 

Fargo  loam.     (See  Marshall  loam,  p.  111.) 

Fargo  gravelly  loam.      (See  Marshall  grarelly  loa)ii,  }>.  110.) 

Fort  Pavne  ston v  loam 101 

Fresno  fine  sand 136 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam 1 37 

Fresno  red  sand 136 

Fresno  sand 136 

Fresno  sandy  loam 137 

Fullerton  sandy  a(lol)e 144 

Gadsden  sand 58 

Gadsden  loam 61 

Galveston  clav 52 


170  Index, 

Page. 

Galveston  sand 51 

Galveston  sandy  loam 51 

Garner  stony  loam 58 

Gila  fine  sandy  loam 157 

Glendale  loess 159 

Glenwood  loam 158 

Goldsboro   compact  sandy   loam.     (See  Portsmouth  sandy 
loam,  p.  67. ) 

Griffin  clay 127 

Guthrie  clay 104 

Gypsum  160 

Hagersto wn  clay 98 

Hagerstown  clay  loam 98 

Hagerstown  loam 97 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam 97 

Hagerstown  shale  loam 98 

Hagerstown  silt  loam 97 

Hagerstown  stony  loam 96 

Hanford  fine  sand.     (See  Fresno  fine  saiid,  p.  136.) 

Hanford  fine  sandy  loam 138 

Hanover  sand.     (See  Miami  sand,  p.  106.) 
Hartford  eandy  loam.     (See  Norfolk  sand  p.  54.) 
Hempfield  stony  loam.     (See  Cecil  sto)u/  loam,  p.  83.) 
Hempstead  gravelly  loam.     (See  Hempstead  loam,  p.  61.) 

Hempstead  loam 61 

Herndon  stony  loam.      (See  Porterx  stonij  loam,  p.  91.) 

Hobart  clay 128 

Holyoke  stony  loam 118 

Hondo  Meadows.     (See  Meadoir,  p.  47.) 

Houston  black  clay 72 

Houston  clay 71 

Houston  silt  loam 71 

Imperial  clay 150 

Imperial  gravelly  loani 149 

Imperial  loam 150 

Imperial  sand 149 

Imj)erial  sandy  loam 150 


Index.  171 

Page. 

Iredell  clay  loam 90 

Jackson  loam 123 

Janesville  loam 122 

Janesville  silt  loam.     (See  Marshall  silt  loam,  p.  112.) 

Jordan  clay 147 

Jordan  loam  147 

Jordan  meadow.     (See  Meadow,  p.  47.) 
Jordan  sand.     (See  Fresno  sand,  p.  136.) 

Jordan  sandy  loam 146 

Kalamazoo  gravelly  loam.     (See  Marshall  gravel,  p.  109. ) 

Kaskaskia  loam 82 

Lacasine  clay  loam 76 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy  loam 75 

Lake  Charles  loam 76 

Landry  silt  loam ^ 77 

Laramie  gravelly  loam 155 

Laramie  sandy  loam 155 

Laurel  sandy  loam 146 

Leonardtown  gravelly  loam.     (See  Leonardtown  loam,  p.  62. ) 

Leonardto wn  loam 62 

Lickdale  clay  loam 100 

Lincoln  sandy  loam 132 

Lintonia  loam 81 

Los  Angeles  sandy  loam 155 

Loudoun  sandy  loam 88 

Lufkin  line  sand 58 

Lufkin  clay 66 

Mackinaw  gravel.     (See  Miami  gravel,  p.  105.) 

Madeland 46 

Madison  loam 124 

^Manchester  sandy  loam 121 

Manor  stony  loam.     (See  Cecil  stony  loam,  p.  83.) 

Maricopa  clay  loam 135 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam 133 

Maricopa  loam 134 

Maricopa  sand 134 

[Maricopa  sandy  adobe 135 


172  Index. 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 134 

Maricopa  ^ilt  loam 1 35 

Maricopa  stony  loam 133 

Marion  silt  loam 126 

Marshall  clay 114 

^Marshall  clay  loam 113 

Marshall  fine  sand Ill 

Marshall  gravel 109 

Marshall  gravelly  loam 110 

Marshall  loam Ill 

Marshall  sand 110 

Marshall  sandy  loam Ill 

Marshall  silt  loam 112 

Marshall  stony  loam 109 

McLean  silt  loam 125 

Meadow 47 

Memphis  silt  loam 1 24 

Miami  black  clay  loam 113 

Miami  clay  loam 109 

Miami  fine  sand 1 0(5 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam 107 

Miami  gravel 1 05 

Miami  gravelly  loam 105 

Miami  loam 1 07 

Miami  sand 100 

Miami  sandy  loam 107 

Miami  silt  loam lOS 

Miami  stony  loam '. 105 

Miller  fine  sand 79 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam 80 

Mobile  clay 63 

Mobile  loam.      (See  Norfolk  fine  m)i<h/  hxiin,  p.  55.) 

Monroe  fine  sandy  loani 60 

Monroe  silt  loam 63 

INIorse  clay 78 

Mnrrill  clay  loam 101 

]\Tnrrill  sandy  loam.      (See  Jlat/i'rxton-ii  s((ii(h/  loam,  p.  97.) 


Index.  173 

Page. 
Miirrill  stony  loam.     (See  Hagerstown  stony  loam,  p.  96.) 

Muck 49 

Mvatt  fine  sandv  loam 60 

Xeuse  clay 65 

Norfolk  coarse  sand 53 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam , 54 

Norfolk  fine  sand 55 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 55 

Norfolk  gravel 52 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam 53 

Norfolk  loam 56 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 55 

Norfolk  sandy  soil.     (See  Norfolk  sandy  loam,  p.  55. ) 

Norfolk  silt  loam 57 

Oakland  sandy  loam 121 

Ocklocknee  clay 65 

Orangeburg  clay 71 

Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam 70 

Orangeburg  loam.      (See  also  Orangeburg  sandy  loam,  p.  70. ) 

Orangeburg  sand 69 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam 70 

Orangeburg  silt  loam 70 

Oswego  fine  sandy  loam 129 

Oswego  loam 129 

Oswego  silt  loam 130 

Oxnard  loam 143 

Oxnard  sand 142 

Oxnard  sandy  loam 143 

Oxnard  silt  loam 143 

Peat 49 

Pecos  conglomerate 148 

Pecos  gypsum.     (See  Gypsum,  p.  160. ) 

Pecos  sand 148 

Pecos  sandy  loam 148 

Penn  clay 88 

Penn  gravelly  loam 87 


174  Index. 

Page. 

Penn  loam 87 

Penn  sand}'  loam 87 

Penn  stony  loam 86 

Placentia  sandy  loam 156 

Plainwell  stony  loam 119 

Pocoson.      {See  Swamp,  p.  48.) 

Podunk  fine  sandy  loam 59 

Porters  black  loam 92 

Porters  clay —  93 

Porters  loam 92 

Porters  red  clay.     (See  Porters  day,  p.  93.) 

Porters  sand 91 

Porters  sandy  loam •. 92 

Porters  stony  loam 91 

Portsmouth  clay 68 

Portsmouth  loam 67 

Portsmouth  sand 66 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam 67 

Quinton  sandy  loam.     (See  Norfolk  sandy  loam,  p.  55.) 

Rock  outcrop 46 

Redfield  clay  loam 142 

Redfield  loam 142 

Redfield  sandy  loam 142 

Rio  Grande  loam 154 

Rio  Grande  sandy  loam 153 

Riverwash 46 

Ros well  loam 149 

Ros well  sandy  loam 1 49 

Rough,  stony  land 46 

Salem  clay 152 

Salem  gravelly  loam 151 

Salem  loam 151 

Salem  sandy  loam 151 

Salinas  gray  adobe 1-^8 

Salinas  shale  loam 144 

Salt  Lake  loam 147 

Salt  Lake  sand 146 

Salt  Lake  sandv  loam 146 


Index.  175 

Pag-e. 

Salt  River  adobe 160 

Salt  River  gravel 154 

Sanders  loam 61 

San  Gabriel  gravelly  loam.     (See  Maricopa  gravelly  loam, 

p.  133.) 
San  Gabriel  gravelly  sand.     (See  Fresno  sand,  p.  136.) 
San  Jacinto  clay.     (See  Houston  black  clay,  p.  72.) 

San  Joaquin  black  adobe 1 39 

San  Joaquin  red  adobe 139 

San  Joaquin  sandy  loam 1 55 

San  Luis  loam 153 

San  Luis  sand 152 

San  Luis  sandy  loam 153 

Sandhill 45 

Santiago  loam 158 

Santiago  sandy  loam 156 

Santiago  silt  loam  159 

Sassafras  gravelly  loam.      (See  Norfolk  silt  loam,  p.  57.) 
Sassafras  loam.     (See  Norfolk  silt  loam,  p.  57.) 
Sassafras  sandy  loam.     (See  Norfolk  loam,  p.  56.) 

Saugatuck  sand 119 

Savanna.     (See  Siramp,  p.  48.) 

Sedgwick  black  clay  loam 131 

Sedgwick  clay  loam 131 

Sedgwick  loam 131 

Sedgwick  sandy  loam 131 

Selma  clay 65 

Selma  heavy  silt  loam 62 

Selma  silt  loam.     (See  Norfolk  sandy  loam,  p.  55.) 

Sharkey  clay 82 

Shelby  clay 128 

Shelby  sand 120 

Shelby  silt  loam 126 

Sierra  adobe 160 

Sioux  clay ^ 116 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam 115 

Sioux  sand 114 


1 76  Index, 

Page. 

Sioux  sandy  loam 115 

Snake  River  gaud.     (See  Yakima  sand,  p.  140.) 

Soledad  gravelly  sand 138 

Sturgis  fine  sandy  loam.    (See  Miami  fine  sandy  loam,  p.  107. ) 

Sufiield  clay 64 

Sunnyside  sand.     (See  Yakima  sand,  ]».  140. ) 

Susquehanna  clay 64 

Susquehanna  clay  loam  62 

Susquehanna  gravel.     {^q%  Norfolk  gravel,  p.  52.) 

Swamp 48 

Tazewell  silt  loam.     (See  Miami  silt  loam,  p.  108.) 
Triassic  stony  loam.     (See  Penn  sioni/  loam,  p.  86.) 

Vernon  clay 74 

Vernon  fine  sand 73 

Vernon  fine  sandy  loam 73 

Vernon  loam 74 

Vernon  sand 72 

Vernon  sandy  loam 73 

Vernon  silt  loam 74 

Volusia  loam 123 

Volusia  sandy  loam 120 

Waldo  loam 133 

Walla  Walla  loam 159 

Warners  loam 123 

Waverly  silt  loam 127 

Westphalia  sand.     (See  Norfolk  fine  sand,  p.  55.) 

Wheatland  sand 120 

Wheatland  sandy  loam 122 

Willis  sand.     (See  Norfolk  fine  sand,  p.  55.) 
Windsor  sand.     (See  Norfolk  coarse  sand,  \^.  53.) 

Winnebago  sandy  loam 1 22 

Worsham  sandy  loam 88 

Yakima  fine  san<l 1 40 

Yakima  fine  sandy  loam 141 

Yakima  gravelly  loam 139 

Yakima  1<  )am 141 

Yakima  sand 1 40 


Index.  177 

Page. 

Yakima  sandy  loam 140 

Yakima  silt  loam 141 

Yakima  stony  loam 139 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Yazoo  loam 79 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 78 

PORTO   RICAN    SOILS. 

Adjuntas  clay 164 

Alonso  clay 165 

Arecibo  loam 163 

Arecibo  sand 161 

Arecibo  sandy  loam 162 

Arecibo  silt  loam 164 

Coral  sand 162 

Pastillo  loam 163 

Penuelas  adobe 165 

Ponce  loam 164 

Ponce  sandy  loam 162 

Portugues  adolie 165 

Portugues  stony  loam 161 

Eiverwash 161 

Tanaina  stony  loam 161 

Utuado  loam 164 

Utuado  sandy  loam 162 

Vivi  sandy  loam 163 

SOILS   ARRANGED    BY    GROUPS   AND    SERIES. 

Loose,  incoherent  Sands  and  Rock  outcrop 44 

Dunesand 45 

Sandhill 45 

Piverwash 46 

Madeland 46 

Pock  outcrop 46 

Rough,  stony  land 46 

Inland  Swamps  and  Meadows 47 

Meadow 47 

Swamp 48 

31896—04 12 


178  Index. 

Inland  Swamps  and  Meadows — Continued.  Vw^q. 

Peat 49 

Muck 49 

Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils 49 

Galveston  series 51 

Galveston  sand 51 

Galveston  sandy  loam 51 

Galveston  clay 52 

Norfolk  series 52 

Norfolk  gravel 52 

Norfolk  gravelly  loam  53 

Norfolk  coarse  sand 53 

Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam 54 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Norfolk  fine  sand 55 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 55 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam 55 

Norfolk  loam 56 

Norfolk  silt  loam 57 

Miscellaneous  soils  associated  with  the  Norfolk  series..  58 

Garner  stony  loam 58 

Gadsden  sand 58 

Lufkin  fine  sand 58 

Podunk  fine  sandy  loam 59 

Collington  sandy  loam 59 

Monroe  fine  sandy  loam ()0 

Myatt  fine  sandy  loam 60 

Elmwood  loam 60 

Hempstead  loam 61 

Sanders  loam 61 

Gadsden  loam (U 

Sel ma  heavy  silt  loam  62 

Sus(|uehanna  clay  loam ()2 

Leonardtown  loam ()2 

Monroe  silt  loam 63 

AUoway  clay 63 

Mobile  clay 63 

Suffield  clay <)4 


Index.                 ,  179 

Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils — Continued.  Page. 

Miscellaneous  soils  associated  with  the  Norfolk  series — 
Continued. 

Susquehanna  clay  64 

Elkton  clay 64 

Selma  claj'^ 65 

Neuse  clay 65 

Ocklocknee  clay 65 

Lufkin  clay m 

Portsmouth  series 66 

Portsmouth  sand 66 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam 67 

Portsmouth  loam 67 

Portsmouth  clay 68 

Orangeburg  series 68 

Orangeburg  sand 69 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam 70 

Orangeburg  tine  sandy  loam 70 

Orangeburg  loam 70 

Orangeburg  silt  loam 70 

Orangeburg  clay 71 

Houston  series 71 

Houston  silt  loam 71 

Houston  clay 71 

Houston  black  clay 72 

Vernon  series 72 

Vernon  sand 7i' 

Vernon  tine  sand 73 

Vernon  sandy  loam 73 

Vernon  fine  sandy  loam 73 

Vernon  loam 74 

Vernon  silt  loam 74 

Vernon  clay 74 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Gulf  Coastal  Plain 75 

Calcasieu  fine  sand 75 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam 75 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy  loam 75 

Lake  Charles  loam 76 


1 1 
I  I 


ISO  Index. 

Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coastal  Plains  Soils — Continued.  v&ge. 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Gulf  Coastal  Plain — Cont'd. 

Calcasieu  loam 76 

Lacasine  cla}'  loam 76 

Acadia  silt  loam 76 

Almyra  silt  loam 

Landry  silt  loam  

Crowley  silt  loam 

]Mor.<e  clay 78 

Soils  of  the  flood  plains  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  its 

larger  tributaries 78 

Yazoo  series 78 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 78 

Yazoo  loam 79 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  flood  plains  of  the  Mississippi 

River  and  its  larger  tributaries 79 

Miller  fine  sand 79 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam 80 

Arkansas  fine  sandy  loam 80 

Arkansas  loam 81 

Lintonia  loam 81 

Kaskaskia  loam 82 

Sharkey  clay 82 

Piedmont  Plateau  soils '  82 

Cecil  series 83 

Cecil  stony  loatu -. 83 

Cecil  sand 83 

Cecil  sandy  loam 84 

Cecil  loam 84 

Cecil  mica  1(  )am 85 

Cecil  silt  loam 85 

Cecil  clay 85 

Penn  series 86 

Penn  stony  loam 86 

Penn  gravelly  loam 87 

Penn  sandy  loam 87 

Penn  loam 87 

Penn  clav 88 


Index.  ISl 

Piedmont  Plateau  soils — Continued.  v^%^. 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau 88 

Loudoun  sandy  loam 88 

Worsham  sandy  loam 88 

Cardiff  slate  loam 89 

Conowingo  barrens 89 

Conowingo  clay '^^ 

Davie  clay  loam 90 

Iredell  clay  loam f  0 

Appalachian  Mountain  and  Cumberland  Plateau  soils 91 

Porters  series 91 

Porters  stony  loam 91 

Porters  sand 91 

Porters  sandy  loam 92 

Porters  loam 92 

Porters  black  loam 92 

Porters  clay 93 

De  Kalb  series 93 

De  Kalb  stony  loam 93 

De  Kalb  sandy  loam 94 

De  Kalb  fine  sandy  loam 94 

De  Kalb  clay  loam 95 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Appalachian  Mountain  and 

Cumberland  Plateau 95 

Chattooga  loam 95 

Residual  limestone  valley  and  upland  soils 95 

Hagersto  wn  series 96 

Hagerstown  stony  loam 96 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam 97 

Hagerstown  loam 97 

Hagerstown  silt  loam 97 

Hagerstown  shale  loam 98 

Hagerstown  clav  loam 98 

Hagerstown  clay 98 

Soils  associated  with  the  Hagerstown  series 99 

Dauphin  r-andy  loam 99 

Cumberland  loam 99 

Davidson  loam 100 


182  Index. 

Residual  limestone  valley  and  upland  soils — Continued.  Page. 

Soils  associated  with  the  Hagerstown  series — Continued. 

Conestoga  loam 100 

Lickdale  clay  loam 100 

Murrill  clay  loam 101 

Conestoga  clay 101 

Fort  Payne  series 101 

Fort  Payne  stony  loam 1 01 

Clarksville  series 102 

Clarksville  stony  loam ■ 102 

Clarksville  loam 102 

Clarksville  silt  loam 103 

Clarksville  clay  loam 103 

Clarksville  clay.    103 

Soil  associated  with  the  Clarksville  series 104 

Guthrie  clay 104 

Glacial  and  loessial  soils 104 

Miami  series 105 

Miami  stony  loam 105 

Miaini  gravel 105 

Miami  gravelly  loam 105 

Miami  sand 106 

Miami  fine  sand 106 

INIiami  sandy  loam 107 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam 107 

Miami  loam 107 

Miami  silt  loam 108 

Miami  clay  loam 1 09 

Marshall  series 109 

Marshall  stony  loam 109 

Marshall  gravel 109 

Marshall  gravelly  loam 110 

Marshall  sand    110 

Marshall  fine  sand Ill 

Marshall  sandy  loam Ill 

Marshall  loam Ill 

Marshall  silt  loam 112 

Marshall  clav  loam 113 


Index.  183 

Glacial  and  loessial  soils — Continued.  Page. 

Marshall  series — Continued. 

Miami  black  clay  loam 113 

Marshall  clay 114 

Sioux  series 114 

Sioux  sand 114 

Sioux  sandy  loam 115 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam 115 

Sioux  clay 116 

Dunkirk  series 116 

Dunkirk  gravel 116 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam 117 

Dunkirk  sandy  loam 117 

Dunkirk  shale  loam 117 

Dunkirk  clay 118 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  region..  118 

Holyoke  stony  loam 118 

Alton  stony  loam 118 

Plainwell  stony  loam 119 

Saugatuck  sand 119 

Clyde  sand 119 

Shelby  sand 120 

Cassadaga  sand 120 

Wheatland  sand 120 

Volusia  sandy  loam 120 

Oakland  sandy  loam 121 

Manchester  sandy  loam 121 

AVinnebago  sandy  loam 122 

Wheatland  sandy  loam  122 

Janesville  loam 122 

Derby  loam 122 

Volusia  loam 123 

Warners  loam 123 

Jackson  loam 123 

Madison  loam 124 

Bernardston  loam 124 

Memphis  silt  loam 124 

Delavan  silt  loam 1 25 


184  Index. 

Glacial  and  loessial  soils — Continued.  Page. 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Glacial  and  Loessial  region — 
Continued. 

Elkhorn  silt  loam 125 

McLean  silt  loam 125 

Slielby  silt  loam 126 

Marion  silt  loam 126 

Waverly  silt  loam 127 

Elmira  shale  loam 127 

Griffin  clay 127 

Shelby  clay 128 

Hobart  clay 128 

Fargo  clay 129 

Residual  soils  of  the  prairie  regions 129 

Oswego  series 129 

Oswego  fine  sandy  loam 129 

Oswego  loam 129 

Oswego  silt  loam 130 

Sedgwick  series 131 

Sedgwick  sandy  loam 131 

Sedgwick  loam 131 

Sedgwick  clay  loam 131 

Sedgwick  black  clay  loam 131 

Miscellaneous  residual  soils  of  the  prairie  regions 132 

Lincoln  sandy  loam 132 

Benton  loam 1 32 

Waldo  loam 133 

Soils  of  the  Far  West 133 

3Iaricopa  series 133 

^laricopa  stony  loam 1 33 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam 133 

Maricopa  sand 1 34 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 134 

Maricopa  loam 1 34 

Maricopa  silt  loam 1 35 

Maricojia  clay  loam  .    1 35 

IMaricopa  sandy  adobe 1 35 

Fresno  series 1 36 

Fresno  sand 1 36 


Index.                 ,  185 

Soils  of  the  Far  West— Continued.  Page. 

Fresno  series — Continued. 

Fresno  red  sand 1 36 

Fresno  fine  sand ]  36 

Fresno  sandy  loam 1 37 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam 137 

Soils  associated  Avith  the  Fresno  series 1 38 

Soledad  gravelly  sand 1 38 

Hanford  fine  sandy  loam 1.38 

Salinas  gray  adobe 1 38 

San  Joaquin  red  adobe 1 39 

San  Joaquin  black  adobe 1 39 

Yakima  series 1 39 

Yakima  stony  loam 1 39 

Yakima  gravelly  loam 1 39 

Yakima  sand ]  40 

Yakima  fine  sand 140 

Yakima  sandy  loam 1 40 

Yakima  fine  sandy  loam 141 

Yakima  loam ". 141 

Yakima  silt  loam 141 

Redfield  series 1 42 

Redfield  sandy  loam 1 42 

Redfield  loam ]  42 

Redfield  clay  loam 1 42 

Oxnard  series 1 42 

Oxnard  sand 142 

Oxnard  sandy  loam 143 

Oxnard  loam 143 

Oxnard  silt  loam 143 

Soils  associated  with  the  Oxnard  series 1 44 

Salinas  shale  loam 1 44 

P\illerton  sandy  adobe 1 44 

Billing's  series 144 


"O"^ 


Billings  gravelly  loam 144 

Billings  sandy  loam 145 

Billings  loam 145 

Billings  clay 145 

Laurel  sand v  loam .• 1 46 


186  Index. 

Soils  of  the  Far  West — Continued.  P«se. 

Salt  Lake  series  and  associated  soils 146 

Salt  Lake  sand 1 46 

Salt  Lake  sandy  loam 146 

Jordan  sandy  loam 146 

Jordan  loam 147 

Salt  Lake  loam 147 

Jordan  clay 147 

Pecos  series  and  associated  soils 148 

Pecos  conglomerate 148 

Pecos  sand 148 

Pecos  sandy  loam 148 

Roswell  sandy  loam 149 

Roswell  loam .' 149 

Imperial  series 149 

Imperial  gravelly  loam 149 

Imperial  sand 149 

Imperial  sandy  loam 150 

Imperial  loam 150 

Imperial  clay 1 50 

Salem  series 151 

Salem  gravelly  loam 151 

Salem  sandy  loam 151 

Salem  loam 151 

Salem  clay 152 

San  Luis  series  and  associated  soils 152 

San  Luis  sand 1 52 

San  Luis  sandy  loam 153 

San  Luis  loam 1 53 

Rio  Grande  sandy  loam 153 

Rio  Grande  loam 1 54 

Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Far  West 154 

Salt  River  gravel 154 

Arroyo  Seco  sandy  loam 154 

Laramie  gravelly  loam 155 

Laramie  sandy  loam 155 

Los  Angeles  sandy  loam 155 

Fancher  sandv  loam 155 


Index.  187 

Soils  of  the  Far  West— Continued.  Page. 
Miscellaneous  soils  of  the  Far  West — Continued. 

San  Joaquin  sandy  loam 155 

Placentia  sandy  loam 156 

Santiago  sandy  loam 156 

Elsinore  sandy  loam 156 

Boise  sandy  loam 157 

Deer  Flat  sandy  loam 157 

Gila  fine  sandy  loam 157 

Santiago  loam 158 

Glen  wood  loam 158 

Boise  loam 158 

AValla  Walla  loam 159 

Glendale  loess 159 

Santiago  silt  loam 159 

Salt  River  adobe 160 

Sierra  adobe 160 

Gypsum  soils 160 

Gypsum 160 

Porto  Rican  soils 161 

Riverwash 161 

Portugues  stony  loam 161 

Tanama  stony  loam 161 

Arecibo  sand 161 

Coral  sand 162 

Arecibo  sandy  loam 162 

Ponce  sandy  loam 162 

Utuado  sandy  loam 162 

Yivi  sandy  loam 163 

Arecibo  loam 163 

Pastillo  loam 163 

Ponce  loam 164 

Utuado  loam 164 

Arecibo  silt  loam 164 

Adj  untas  clay 164 

Alonso  claj' 165 

Penuelas  adobe 165 

Portugues  adobe , 165 


188 


Index. 


SOILS    ARRANG 

Alabama:  I'age. 

Clarksville  clay 103 

Clarksville  loam 102 

Chattooga  loam 95 

De  Kalb  fine  sandy  loam.  94 

De  Kalb  sandy  loam 94 

De  Kalb  stony  loam 93 

Fort  Pavne  stonv  loam..  101 

Guthrie  clay 104 

Hagerstown  clav 98 

Hagerstown  loam 97 

Hagerstown  sand  v  loam . .  97 

Hagerstown  silt  loam 97 

Hagerstown  stony  loam..  96 

Houston  clay 71 

Meadow 47 

Mobile  clay 63 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam  .  55 

Norfolk  loam 56 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Orangeburg     fine     sandy 

loam 70 

Orangeburg  sand 69 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam  .  70 

Penn  sandy  loam 87 

Alaska  (no  survey). 

Arizona: 

Gila  fine  sandy  loam 157 

Glendale  loess 159 

Imperial  loam 150 

Imperial  sand 149 

Inii)erial  sandy  loam 150 

Maricopa  clay  loam 135 

]\Iaricoj>a  gravelly  loam . .  133 

Maricoi)a  loam 134 

Maricopa  sand 134 

Maricopa  sandy  1(  )am 1 34 


ED    BY    STATES. 

Arizona — Continued.  Page, 

Maricopa  silt  loam 135 

Pecos  sand 148 

Riverwash 46 

Salt  River  adobe 160 

Salt  River  gravel 154 

Santiago  silt  loam 159 

Arkansas: 

Almyra  silt  loam 77 

Guthrie  clay 1 04 

Miami  clay  loam 109 

Miller  fine  sand 79 

Miller  fine  sandy  loam  . .  80 
Orangeburg     fine     sandv 

loam 70 

Sharkey  clay S2 

Swamp 48 

California: 

Arroyo  Seco  sandy  loam.  154 

Dunesand 45 

Fancher  sandy  loam 155 

Fresno  fine  sand 1 36 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam. .  137 

Fresno  red  sand 136 

Fresno  sand 1 8() 

Fresno  sandy  loam 137 

Fullerton  sandy  adobe. . .  144 

Galveston  clay 52 

(Jila  fine  sandy  loam 157 

Hanford  fine  sandy  loam.  138 

Imperial  clay 150 

Imperial  gravelly  loam  . .  149 

Imperial  loam 150 

Imj)erial  sand 149 

Imperial  sandy  loam loi) 

Los  Angeles  sandy  loam  .  155 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam . .  1 33 


Inde, 


X. 


189 


California— Continued.         Page. 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 134 

^leadow 47 

Oxnartl  loam 143 

Oxnard  sand 1 42 

Oxnard  sandy  loam 143 

Oxnard  silt  loam 143 

Peat 49 

Placentia  sandy  loam 156 

Riverwash 46 

Salinas  gray  adobe 138 

Salinas  shale  loam 144 

San  Joaquin  black  adobe.  139 
San  Joaquin  red  adobe ...  1 39 
San  Joaquin  sandy  loam . .   1 55 

Santiago  loam 158 

Santiago  sandy  loam 156 

Santiago  silt  loam 159 

Sierra  adobe 160 

Soledad  gravelly  sand 138 

Colorado: 

Dunesand 45 

Fresno  fine  sand 136 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam. .  137 

Fresno  sand 1 36 

Maricopa  clay  loam 135 

.Maricopa  sand 134 

Maricopa  sandy  adobe 135 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 134 

Rio  Grande  loam 154 

Rio  Grande  sandy  loam  .  153 

Riverwash 46 

San  Joaquin  black  adobe.  139 

San  Luis  loam 153 

San  Luis  sand 152 

San  Luis  sandy  loam 153 

Santiago  silt  loam 159 

Swamp 48 


Connecticut:  Page. 

Chicopee      gravel      loam 

( Xorfolk  grareUij  loam  ) .  53 

Connecticut  meadows  ...  47 

Connecticut  swamp 48 

Elmwood  loam 60 

Enfield  sandy  loam  {Xor- 
folk Sdiidy  loam) 55 

Hartford      sandy      loam 

{Norfolk  sand) 54 

Holyoke  stony  loam 118 

^Manchester  sandy  loam. .  121 

Xorfolk  coarse  sandy  loam  54 

Podunk  fine  sandy  loam.  59 

Suffield  clay 64 

Triassic  stony  loam  {Perm 

stony  loam ) 86 

Windsor    sand     {Norfolk 

coarse  sand ) 53 

Delaware: 

Elkton  clay 64 

Galveston  clay 52 

Galveston  sand 51 

Meadow 47 

Xorfolk  loam 56 

Xorfolk  sand 54 

Xorfolk  silt  loam 57 

Portsmouth  sand 66 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam  .  67 

Swamp 48 

District    of    Columbia    (no 

survey) . 
Florida: 

Gadsden  sand 58 

Meadow 47 

Xorfolk  fine  sandy  loam  .  55 

Xorfolk  sand 54 

Xorfolk  sandv  loam 55 


190 


Lidex. 


Florida— Continued.  Page. 

Oc'klocknee  clay 65 

Orangeburg  sand 69 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam. .     70 
Portsmouth  sand 66 

Georgia: 

Cecil  clay 85 

Cecil  sandy  loam 84 

Meadow 47 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 55 

Orangeburg  clay 71 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam . .     70 

Porters  stony  loam 91 

Selma  clay 65 

Idaho: 

Boise  loam 158 

Boise  sandy  loam 157 

Deer  Flat  sandy  loam 157 

Elsinore  sandy  loam 156 

Riverwash 46 

Yakima  fine  sand 140 

Yakima  fine  sandy  loam.   141 

Yakima  loam 141 

Yakima  sand 140 

Yakima  sandy  loam 140 

Yakima  silt  loam 141 

Illinois: 

Delavan  silt  loam 125 

Kaskaskia  loam 82 

Lintonia  loam 81 

McLean  silt  loam 125 

Marion  silt  loam 126 

Marshall  silt  loam 112 

Meadow 47 

Memphis  silt  loam 124 

Miami  black  clay  loam  ..   113 
Miami  lire  sand 106 


Illinois — Continued.  Page. 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam  ..  107 

Miami  gravel 105 

Miami  loam 107 

Miami  silt  loam 1 08 

Muck 49 

Peat 49 

Rough  stony  land 46 

Sioux  sandy  loam 115 

Waverly  silt  loam 127 

Winnebago  sandy  loam. .   122 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Yazoo  loam 79 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 78 

Indiana: 

Griftin  clay 127 

Guthrie  clay 104 

Madison  loam 1 24 

Meadow _.     47 

Memphis  silt  loam 124 

Miami  black  clay  loam  ..   113 

Miami  clay  loam 109 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam  . .   107 

Miami  sand 106 

Miami  sandv  loam 107 

Miami  silt  loam 108 

Muck 49 

Waverly  silt  loam 127 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Yazoo  loam  79 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 78 

Iowa: 
Clarksville  stony  loam. . .   102 

Lintonia  loam 81 

Marshall  clay  loam 113 

INIarshall  fine  sand Ill 

^Marshall  loam Ill 

Marshall  sand 110 


Index. 


191 


Iowa— Continued.  Page. 

Meadow 47 

Miami  black  clay  loam  . .  113 

Miami  clay  loam 109 

Miami  fine  sand 106 

Miami  sandy  loam 107 

Miami  silt  loam 108 

Muck 49 

Sioux  sandy  loam 115 

Kansas: 

Arkansas  loam 81 

Benton  loam 132 

Clarksville  stony  loam 102 

Derby  loam 122 

Lincoln  sandy  loam 132 

Miami  line  sand 106 

Miami  sand 106 

Oswego  tine  sandy  loam  .  129 

Oswego  loam 129 

Oswego  silt  loam 130 

Rock  outcrop 46 

Sedgwick  black  clay  loam  131 

Sedgwick  clay  loam 131 

Sedgwick  loam 131 

Sedgwick  sandy  loam  . . .  131 

Sharkey  clay 82 

Waldo  loam 133 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Yazoo  loam 79 

Kentucky: 

Elktonclay 64 

Hagerstown  clay 98 

Hagerstown  loam 97 

Leonardtown  loam 62 

I 

Meadow 47 

Memphis  silt  loam  '. 124 

INIiami  tine  sandy  loam  . .   107  | 
Miami  silt  loam 108  ' 


Kentucky — Continued.         Page. 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam  .  55 

Norfolk  loam 56 

Sharkey  clay 82 

Waverly  silt  loam 127 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Louisiana: 

Acadia  silt  loam 76 

Calcasieu  fine  sand 75 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam  75 

Calcasieu  loam 76 

Crowley  silt  loam 77 

Galveston  clay 52 

Lacasine  clay  loam 76 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy 

loam 75 

Lake  Charles  loam 76 

Landry  silt  loam 77 

Luf kin  clay 66 

Meadow 47 

Monroe  fine  sandy  loam  .  60 

Monroe  silt  loam 63 

Morse  clay 78 

Muck 49 

Myatt  fine  sandy  loam  . .  60 

Norfolk  fine  sand 55 

Orangeburg     fine     sandy 

loam 70 

Sharkey  clay 82 

Swamp 48 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Yazoo  loam 79 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 78 

Maine  (no  survey). 

Maryland : 

Cardiff  slate  loam 89 

Cecil  clay 85 

Cecil  loam 84 


192 


Indi 


t^Ji  m 


Maryland — Continued.         Yaga. 

Cecil  mica  loam 85 

Collington  sandy  loam 59 

Conowingo  barrens 89 

Conowingo  clay 89 

Elkton  clay 64 

Galveston  clay 52 

Galveston  sand 51 

Leonardtown        gravelly 

loam 62 

Leonardtown  loam 62 

^leadoNv 47 

Norfolk  fine  sand  55 

Norfolk     loam      {Norfolk 

fine  sandy  loam) 56 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Portsmouth  sand 66 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam . .  67 
Sassafras    gravelly    loam 

( Norfolk  silt  loam ) 57 

Sassafras    loam    ( Norfolk 

silt  loam) 57 

Sassafras      sandy      loam 

( Norfolk  loam ) 56 

Susquehanna  clay 64 

Susquehanna  clay  loam..  62 
Susquehanna  gravel  {Nor- 
folk gra  eel ) 52 

Swamp 48 

Westphalia  sand  {Norfolk 

fine  sand ) 55 

Windsor     sand     {Norfolk 

coarse  sand) 58 

Massachusetts: 

Bernardston  loam 124 

Chicopee     gravel      loam 

( Norfolk  (jravclbi  loam ) .  58 

Connecticut  meadows 47 


Massachusetts — Cont'd.       I'age. 

Connecticut  swamp 48 

Elm  wood  loam  60 

Enfield  sandy  loam  {Nor- 
folk sandy  loam) 55 

Hartford      sandy      loam 

( Norfolk  sand) 54 

Holyoke  stony  loam 118 

Manchester  sandy  loam . .  121 
Norfolk  coarse  sandy  loam  54 
Podunk  fine  sandy  loam  .     59 

Suffield  clay 64 

Triassic  stony  loam  {Penn 

stonij  loam ) 86 

Windsor    sand     ( Norfolk 
coarse  sand) 53 

[Michigan: 

Clyde  sand 119 

Dunesand 45 

Elm  wood  loam  (50 

Marshall  gravel 109 

Meadow 47 

Miami  black  clay  loam  . .    113 

Miami  clay  loam 109 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam  . .   107 

Miami  gravel 105 

]Miami  gravelly  loam 105 

Miami  loam 107 

[Miami  sand 106 

Miami  sandy  loam 107 

Miami  stony  loam 105 

Muck 49 

Oakland  sandy  loam 121 

Plainwell  stony  loam 119 

Saugatuck  sand 119 

Swamp 48 

^linnesota: 

Marshall  LM'avcl 109 


Index. 


193 


Minnesota — Continued.        Page. 
Marshall  gravelly  loam  ..  110 

Marshall  loam Ill 

Marshall  sandy  loam 111 

Meadow 47 

Miami  black  clay  loam  ..  113 
]Miami  loam 107 

Mississippi: 

Gadsden  loam 61 

Lintonia  loam 81 

Meadow 47 

Memphis  silt  loam 124 

Xeu^e  clay 65 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam. .     55 
Orangeburg  sandy  loam . .     70 

Portsmouth  loam 67 

Sharkey  clay 82 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Yazoo  loam 79 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 78 

^lissouri: 

Clarksville  loam 102 

Clarksville  silt  loam 103 

Clarksville  stony  loam  ^ . .   102 

Jackson  loam 123 

Meadow 47 

Shelby  clay 1 28 

Shelby  sand 120 

Shelby  silt  loam 126 

Montana: 

Billings  clay 145 

Billings  gravelly  loam  ...   144 

Billings  loam 145 

Billings  sandy  loam  . 145 

Laurel  sandy  loam 146 

Swamp 48 

Nebraska: 

Arkansas  fine  sandy  loam     80 
31896—04 13 


Nebraska — Continued .  P«ge- 

Elkhorn  silt  loam 125 

Mar*^hall  silt  loam 112 

Meadow 47 

Miami  fine  sand 106 

Miami  sand 106 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam  ...  115 

Sioux  sandy  loam 115 

Nevada  (no  survey). 

New  Hampshire(  no  survey). 

New  Jersey: 

Alio  way  clay 63 

Cecil  loam 84 

Collington  sandy  loam 59 

P^lkton  clay 64 

Elsinboro  fine  sand  (Ao/-- 

Jolk  fine  sand) 55 

Meadow _ 47 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Penn  loam 87 

Penn  sandy  loam 87 

Penn  stony  loam 86 

Quinton  sandy  loam  ( Xor- 

folk  sandy  loam) 55 

Sassafras    gravelly    loam 

(Xorfo/k  sdt  loam) 57 

Sassafras  loam  (Xorf oik  silt 

loam ) 57 

Susquehanna  gravel  (Nor- 
folk gravel) 52 

Westphalia  sand  (Xorfolk 

fine  sand) 55 

AVindsor     sand     {Xorfolk 

coarse  sand) 53 

New  Mexico: 

Gypsum 160 

Meadow 47 

Pecos  conglomerate 148 


194 


Index. 


New  Mexico— Cont'd.  I'a^e. 

Pecos  sand 148 

Pecos  sandy  loam _ .   148 

Roswell  loam 149 

Roswell.  sandy  loam 149 

New  York: 

A lloway  clay 63 

Alton  stony  loam 118 

Cas^sadaga  sand 120 

Dunkirk  clay 118 

Dunkirk  gravel 116 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam  ..   117 

Dunkirk  sandy  loam 117 

Dunkirk  shale  loam 117 

Elmira  shale  loam 127 

Galveston  clay 52 

Galveston  sand 51 

Galveston  sandy  loam 51 

Hagerstown  shale  loam. .     98 
Hempstead  gravelly  loam 

{IIempi<(ead  loam ) 61 

Hempstead  loam 61 

Madeland 46 

Meadow 47 

Miami  fine  sand 106 

Miami  fine  sandy  loam  ..   107 

Miami  gravelly  loam 105 

Miami  loam 107 

Miami  silt  loam 108 

Miami  stony  loam 105 

Muck 49 

Norfolk  coarse  sand 58 

Norfolk      coarse      sandy 

loam 54 

Norf(  ilk  gravel 52 

Norfolk  loam 56 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Peat 49 


New  York — Continued.        ' 

'age. 

Penn  clav 

88 

Plain  well  stony  loam 

119 

Sassafras    gravelly    loam 

(Norfolk  silt  loam) 

57 

Sassafras       sandy      loam 

{ Norfolk  loam) 

56 

Swamp 

48 

Volusia  loam 

128 

^'olusia  sandy  loam 

120 

Warners  loam 

128 

North  Carolina: 

Cecil  clav 

85 

Cecil  sand 

83 

Cecil  sand V  loam 

84 

Cecil  silt  loam 

85 

Conowiuijo  clav   

89 

Davie  clay  loam 

90 

Garner  stony  loam 

58 

Iredell  clav  loam 

90 

Meadow           

47 

Muck          

49 

Neuse  clav           

(>5 

Norfolk  fine  sandv  loam  . 

55 

Norfolk  gravel 

52 

Norfolk  sand 

54 

Norfolk  sandv  loam 

55 

Porters  black  loam 

92 

Porters  clav         

98 

Porters  loam 

92 

Porters  sand 

91 

Porters  sandv  loam 

92 

Porters  stonv  loam 

91 

Portsmouth  clav 

(>S 

Portsmouth  sand 

{^H 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam  . 

(>7 

Rock  outcrop 

46 

Sandhill 

45 

Index. 


195 


North  Carolina— Cont'd.      Page. 

Selma  clay 65 

Selma  heavy  silt  loam  ...     62 
Swamp 48 

North  Dakota: 

Fargo  clay 129 

Hobart  ciay 128 

Marshall  clay 114 

Marshall  gravelly  loam  . .   110 

[Marshall  loam Ill 

Marshall  silt  loam 112 

Marshall  stony  loam 109 

Meadow 47 

Miami  black  clay  loam ...  113 

Miami  loam 107 

Miami  sandy  loam 107 

Muck '. 49 

Riverwash 46 

Sioux  clay 116 

Sioux  fine  sandy  loam  —  115 

Wheatland  sand 120 

Wheatland  sandy  loam..  122 

Ohio: 

Dunkirk  clay 118 

Dunkirk  gravel 116 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam  ..  117 

Dunkirk  sandy  loam 117 

Meadow 47 

Miami  black  clay  loam  ..   113 

Miami  clay  loam 109 

Miami  gravelly  loam 105 

Miami  loam 107 

Miami  sand 106 

Miami  sandy  loam 107 

Volusia  loam 123 

Oklahoma  (no  survey). 
Oregon: 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam. .  133 


Oregon— Continued.  Page. 

Maricopa  sandy  loam 134 

Muck .' 49 

Rock  outcrop 46 

Salem  clay 152 

Salem  gravelly  loam 151 

Salem  loam 151 

Salem  sandy  loam 151 

Yakima  loam 141 

Yakima  sandy  loam 140 

Pennsylvania: 

Cecil  mica  loam 85 

Cecil  stony  loam 83 

Conestoga  loam 100 

Dauphin  sandy  loam 99 

De  Kalb  stony  loam 93 

Donegal     gravelly     loam 
{Norfolk  gravelhi  loam) .     53 

Hagerstown  clav 98 

Hagerstown  clay  loam 98 

Hagerstown  loam 97 

Hagerstown  shale  loam..     98 
Hagerstown  stony  loam  .     96 

Lickdale  clay  loam 100 

Meadow 47 

Norfolk  loam 56 

Norfolk  silt  loam 57 

Penn  loam 87 

Penn  sandy  loam 87 

Penn  stony  loam 86 

Porto  Rico: 

Adjuntas  clay 164 

Alonso  clay 165 

Arecibo  loam 163 

Arecibo  sand 161 

Arecibo  sandy  loam 162 

Arecibo  silt  loam 164 

Coral  sand 1 62 


196 


Index. 


Porto  Rico — Continued.       Page. 

Pastil  lo  loam 168 

Penuelas  adobe 165 

Ponce  loam 1 64 

Ponce  sandy  loam 162 

Portugues  adobe 165 

Portugues  stony  loam  .. .   161 

Riverwash 161 

Tanama  stony  loam 161 

Utuado  loam 1 64 

Utuado  sandy  loam 162 

Yivi  sandy  loam 163 

Rhode  Island  (no  survey). 

South  Carolina: 

Cecil  clay 85 

Cecil  sand 83 

Cecil  sandy  loam 84 

Cecil  stony  loam 83 

Davie  clay  loam 90 

Iredell  clay  loam 90 

Meadow 47 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam.     55 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 55 

Norfolk  silt  loam 57 

Orangeburg  sand 69 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam  .     70 

Porters  clay 93 

Porters  sand 91 

Porters  sandy  loam 92 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam  .     67 

Rock  outcrop 46 

.Sandhill 45 

Selma  heavy  silt  loam 62 

Swamp 48 

South  Dakota: 

Marshall  1< )am Ill 

Marshall  sandv  loam    111 


South  Dakota — Cont'd.        P«»ge- 

Marshall  stony  loam 109 

Miami  black  clay  loam  ..113 

Sioux  sandy  loam 115 

Tennessee: 

Clarksville  clay  loam 103 

Clarksville  loam 102 

Clarksville  silt  loam 103 

Clarksville  stony  loam  . .  102 

Cumberland  loam 99 

Davidson  loam 1 00 

De  Kalb  clay  loam 95 

De  Kalb  sandy  loam 94 

De  Kalb  stony  loam 93 

Guthrie  clay 104 

Hagerstown  loam 97 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam .  97 

Hagerstown  stony  loam  .  96 

Rock  outcrop 46 

Texas: 

Calcasieu  fine  sandy  loam  75 

Galveston  clay 52 

Galveston  sand 51 

Houston  black  clay 72 

Houston  clay 71 

Houston  silt  loam 71 

Lake  Charles  fine  sandy 

loam 75 

Lufkin  clay 66 

Lufkin  fine  sand 58 

INIeadow 47 

Norfolk  fine  sand 55 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam.  55 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Norfolk  sandy  loam 55 

Orangeburg  clay 71 

Orangeburg     fii;e    sandy 

loam 70 


Index. 


197 


Texas— Continued.  Page. 

Orangeburg  sandy  loam  .  70 

Orangeburg  silt  loam 70 

Sanders  loam 61 

Sharkey  clay 82 

Vernon  clay 74 

Vernon  fine  sand 73 

Vernon  tine  sandy  loam  .  73 

Vernon  loam 74 

Vernon  sand 72 

Vernon  sandy  loam 73 

Vernon  silt  loam 74 

Yazoo  clay 79 

Yazoo  sandy  loam 78 

Utah: 

Elsinore  sandy  loam 156 

Fresno  fine  sandy  loam..  137 

Fresno  sand 136 

Glenwood  loam 158 

Jordan  clav 147 

Jordan  loam 147 

Jordan  sandy  loam 146 

Maricopa  gravelly  loam. .  133 

Maricopa  ston;/  loam 133 

Meadow 47 

Redfield  clay  loam 1 42 

Redfield  loam  142 

Redfield  sandy  loam 142 

Riverwash 46 

Salt  Lake  loam 147 

Salt  Lake  sand 146 

Salt  Lake  sandy  loam 146 

Vermont  (no  survey). 

Virginia: 

Cecil  clay 85 

Cecil  loam 84 

Cecil  mica  loam 85 

Cecil  sand 83 


Virginia — Continued.  Page. 

Cecil  sandy  loam 84 

Cecil  silt  loam 85 

Conestoga  clay 101 

Conowingo  barrens 89 

Conowingo  clay 89 

De  Kalb  stony  loam 93 

Galveston  sand 51 

Hagerstown  clay 98 

Hagerstown  loam 97 

Hagerstown  sandy  loam  .  97 

Hagerstown  shale  loam..  98 

Hagerstown  stony  loam . .  96 

Iredell  clay  loam 90 

Leonardtown  loam 62 

Loudoun  sandy  loam 88 

Meadow 47 

Murrill  clay  loam 101 

Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam  .  55 

Norfolk  loam 56 

Norfolk  sand 54 

Penn  clay 88 

Penn  gravelly  loam 87 

Penn  loam 87 

Penn  sandy  loam 87 

Penn  stony  loam 86 

Porters  black  loam 92 

Porters  clay 93 

Porters  sand 91 

Porters  sandy  loam 92 

Portsmouth  sand 66 

Portsmouth  sandy  loam. .  67 

Rock  outcrop 46 

Swamp 48 

"^Vorsham  sandv  loam 88 

Washington : 

Meadow 47 

Riverwash 46 


198 


hidex. 


Washington— Cont'd.  Page. 

Walla  AValla  loam 159 

Yakima  fine  sandy  loam.   141 

Yakima  gravelly  loam 139 

Yakinia  loam 141 

Yakima  sand 140 

Yakima  sandy  loam 140 

Yakima  stony  loam 139 

West  Virginia  (no  survey). 

Wisconsin : 

Janesville  loam 122 

Marshall  silt  loam 112 

Meadow 47 

Miami  black  clay  loam  ..   113 

Miami  fine  sand 106 

Miami  gravel 105 


AVisconsin — Continued.        Page. 

Miami  loam 107 

Miami  sand 106 

Miami  sandy  loam 107 

Miami  silt  loam 108 

Muck 49 

Sioux  sand 114 

Sioux  sandy  loam ...  115 

Wyoming: 

Billings  clay 145 

Gypsum. 160 

Laramie  gravelly  loam  ..  155 

Laramie  sandy  loam 155 

Laurel  sandy  loam 1 46 

Redfield  sand v  loam 142 

Ri  vervvash 46 


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